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In this paper the author deals with the legal and practical analysis of the constitutional principle of presumption of innocence in the Republic of Macedonia. The presumption of innocence is a universally accepted human right that prohibits guilty plea to the accused. The presumption of innocence enables the accused to have an active role in the judicial process. It is the obligation of the public prosecutor to prove the guilty of the accused, not the obligation of the accused to prove his/her innocence. Only the ...

The goal of the criminal and procedural law of (Latvia) consists in the establishment of such an order of the criminal procedure, which provides the effective use of the norms of the Latvian criminal law and fair settlement of the criminal and procedural relations without undue interference in private life. For the achievement of appointment of the criminal procedure within a reasonable time, it is important for the person, directing the process, the investigator, the procurator, the judge to make legal and ground...

This paper analyses legal consequences of applying conscientious objections to childhood mandatory vaccinations in the Czech Republic. There is no common European approach towards childhood vaccination and legal exemptions from statutory duty imposed by part of the states. The European Court of Human Rights considers vaccination campaigns which oblige individual to defer to general interest and not to endanger health of others where his own life is not in danger, not going beyond the margin of appreciation left to...

Generally, the right to employment is considered to be one of the fundamental human rights in a democratic society. It is considered to be a subjective right of anybody to choose employment according to his/her abilities and with a corresponding reward. The legislative base for this right in the Czech Republic is in the constitutional law, particularly in Article 26, paragraph 3 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which declares that anybody has the right to make his/her living through work. This pr...

The research paper analyses the concept of legal liberalism as the framework for the existence of freedom in modern constitutional states. The genesis of the concept of legal liberalism originates from the works of ancient philosophers, who used to create various theories of ideal states. However, an in-depth analysis of this issue was carried out by great German philosophers Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel. In Russia, a number of prominent scholars, such as Boris Chicherin, Pavel Novgorodtsev and many others, also ...

The main aim of this article is the evaluation of the private-law regulation of the contract for services in the Polish law. The Polish Civil Code, on the grounds of the principle of the freedom of contracts, has regulated the basic types of the contracts for services as nominate contracts. Pursuant to Article 750 of the Civil Code, the provisions on the contract for mandate apply accordingly to the remaining contracts for services which have not been regulated by other provisions. Thus, it is necessary to establi...

A growing number of areas of daily lives are increasingly affected by robotics. In the European Union (hereinafter: EU) the fast-evolving field of robotics initiated public debate regarding legal framework for the robots. In order to ensure that robots are and will remain in the service of humans, some key legal issues such as human physical safety, liability exposure and privacy/data protection need to be resolved. If we take an example of liability issue, the question is can we hold robots liable for damage when...

The legal policy of the Russian Empire in XIX – early XX centuries in respect of language relations was aimed at strengthening the state positions of the Russian language in a spirit of European doctrines of Romantic era on the importance of the language in the nation’s consolidation. The basis for criticism of the national policy of the Russian Empire was laid by the Russian liberals and the Polish conservatives in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The most revolutionary-radical character the criticism of R...

The legal order of the EU increasingly influences the domestic law of the individual member states of this supranational organization. Labour law is not an exemption, while it is considered to be a relatively independent branch of law in the legal system of the Czech Republic and of the other EU member states. Many member states, including the Czech Republic, have codified this area of law, i.e. the legal relations established through dependent work and the respective co-dependent relations are dealt with by a sep...

This article deals with the modern mechanisms of the non-profit organizations funding and its legal regulation. The matter is that today such organizations play a growing role in building civil society, social dialogue and participatory democracy. But they may be effective if only they are effective in fundraising. NGOs rely on money from a variety of sources, including donations, loans, sponsorships, incomes from entrepreneurial activity and public subsidies. It seems that there are many sources of funding, but f...

The article is devoted to the issues of official results of intellectual activity in the Russian Federation and its connection with labor law. In general, results of intellectual activity are regulated by the civil law; however, in case of service work, service invention, service utility model, service industrial design, service selection invention, and service topology created by the employee in the framework of its labor functions, certain issues are also regulated by the labor law. For instance, the remuneratio...

The legal contractual obligations in comparative law have been regulated in various demeanours. A unified regulation system prevails, upon which both, commercial contracts and civil contracts are regulated by a unified normative legal act. This concept prevails in modern legislation due to the increasing dynamics of movement of goods and services, and it has allowed for the infiltration of numerous civil law rules into the commercial law therein. Contracts, being specific agreements provide for movement of goods a...

Leisure Tourism has increased its share of domestic tourism both in Romania and abroad in the last decades, and so have tourism TV commercials, tourism guides, tourism flyers, etc. The Romanians are practicing new forms of leisure (e.g., golf, kart racing, rafting, river cruise, etc.) involving new means of locomotion to either get to their destinations or to spend their free time. These forms of leisure use such means of locomotion as automobile, balloon, bateau, bicycle, boat, bus, cab, canoe, ferry, gondola, ho...

The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical basis of the idea of social solidarism proclaimed by Leopold Caro in Poland in the interwar period. Solidarism is for Caro a system different from liberalism and socialism. He contrasted the selfishness characterizing liberalism as well as Marxism and socialist collectivism with an economy for which the overriding values are the person, the common good and the ethical principles present in economic life. Such an approach entailed an interdisciplinary method with...

Proceedings in cases related to the violation of public finance discipline include ordered sequence of activities, that compose a process aimed to decide by competent authorities about liability for such violation. These proceedings are important part of polish public financial system which are based on the act of 17 December 2004 on the liability for violation of public finance discipline and also polish legal solutions are unique in the world financial and legal solutions. Primary research purpose formulated in ...

The paper is focused on religious-geographical research of the city of Liberec, the fifth most populous city in the Czech Republic. Liberec (Reichenberg before 1945) is located in the northern part of the state near the borders with Germany and Poland in the region, which was strongly affected by the expulsion of the German population after the Second World War. This forced emigration and immigration of Czech and Slovak people led to the interruption of tradition and also religious belief which was sharpened durin...

The following thesis focuses on the issues regarding life satisfaction and the impact of well-being on physical and mental health of coalition soldiers during their deployment on a military operation in the Middle East area. The authorsВ’ fundamental research question is how the military operational environment affects the life satisfaction of deployed soldiers and thus affects their health. Obviously, life satisfaction is influenced by the military work activities and specifically in an armed conflict environment...

Introduction: Breast cancer belongs to the most frequent types of cancer in women and its incidence has been increasing worldwide. Mastectomy is one of the treatment options. Breasts represent the symbol of feminity and motherhood, therefore, their loss or surgery resulting in a shape deformity or a scar may lead to psychological problems and low self-esteem. The work aimed to determine the level of overall life satisfaction and the differences in individual scales after complete or partial mastectomy in women. Me...

In the article the author proceeds from the conception that family as a social institution takes a significant part in socialization of the child, being the basic support and a pattern for imitation as a model of the world around. The relations of parents between themselves and the relations of parents with children form a sense-value sphere of the child and as a result his/her life-sense strategies which direct the future life of the child. The theoretical grounds of the research are based on the theories of mean...

In the article the author proceeds from the conception that family as a social institution has got many functions the fundamental one of which is preservation and transference of family values, cultural wealth and traditions. The family has also a significant part in socialization of the person, being the basic support and forming an adequate self-attitude and an attitude to the world as a whole. And transformation of attitudes and values of young men and women is an extremely urgent social-psychological problem i...

The Faculty of Architecture of the Cracow University of Technology has been operating in the adapted building of the Cadet School since. Previously, it was the headquarters of the Kadetten Institute, built in the mid-nineteenth century during the Habsburg Monarchy, on the remains of the former, representative summer residence of Polish kings - in the village of Lobzow near Cracow. Within the walls of this architectural monument are also the remains of a medieval castellum built in 1375 by King Casimir the Great. I...

The most efficient sources of public incomes are public imposts, especially taxes. In accordance with Article 217 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland „the imposition of taxes, as well as other public imposts, the specification of those subject to the tax and the rates of taxation, as well as the principles for granting tax reliefs and remissions, along with categories of taxpayers exempt from taxation, shall be by means of statute”. Shape of the rule of fiscal sovereignty of state laid down in Article...

The tax policy has now become tougher, risks have risen in the use of tax schemes based on abuse of law. Tax authorities and courts are fighting against abuses and illegal schemes in the tax sphere. Taxpayers come up with new methods of tax planning. Russian legislation is gradually beginning to formulate legal norms in the field of tax planning, its principles and criteria. Tax planning and optimization of taxation are not properly regulated at the legislative level, despite the fact that in the science of financ...

Background information The article investigates the role of negation in business discourse, which complies with the communicative code of conduct. It doesnВ’t always permit conversational participants to directly express disagreement, discontent or denial, which fact bespeaks the need to use indirect speech techniques, allowing the interlocutors to achieve their aims while remaining on friendly terms with each other. This is achieved through implicit negation. Methods/Aims The present study aims to give a comprehe...

This paper is concerned with linguacultural peculiarities of slogans featured in advertising discourse. Advertising discourse finds its way into all kinds of institutional communication thanks to its thematically unrestricted nature, genre distinctiveness and its propensity to capture the most inconspicuous manifestations of the ever-changing world. This type of discourse is considered most exemplary as it can reflect the latest trends of socio-linguistic realia within a single slogan, which is viewed as a composi...

The paper presents a logical continuation of the previous collection of articles about naming. This study is devoted to a complex analysis of the company naming and slogans on the basis of theoretical concepts and research experience. The structure of the research-based article illustrates the main theoretical theses and describes the practical results achieved in the course of word-forming and an etymological analysis of brand names and comparative analysis of advertisements in Russian, English and German in the ...

Each written text could be considered as a sequence of symbols put up in groups organized in a certain order and assembled in a linear sequence, which is may be arranged horizontally or vertically. The existing methods of optical character recognition (OCR) aim at linear and vertical segmentation of written texts basing on interword spaces and intervals between letters as the demarcation markers of lexical units and characters respectively. This strategy is effective for many languages meanwhile building robust OC...

Self-identification of young people essentially determines their life priorities, frequently preventing their harmonious socialization in the development of their life competencies. Hence, timely diagnosing attitudes may help to identify key problem fields in the perception of the personality, but also to create basis for the alignment of optimum ways of its full integration into society. In this regard the inherent extensive potential lies in the methods of linguistic diagnosing that are not perceived by young pe...

The purpose of research is to investigate information distortion linguistic means used by the printed and electronic media sources to manipulate the reader and form desirable by the addressee perception of reality. Among basic linguistic tools widely applied in mass media to shape the readerВ’s attitude to certain concepts, events, figures etc.in the article are distinguished labelling (providing unjustified emotionally charged characteristics of an individual, event, notion, etc.), insider-outsider concept (refle...

The article deals with the specificity of space model in the language world view of a religious person from the position of cognitive linguistic in light of anthropocentric approach. The study is based on the materials of canonical prayer texts from the Bible and modern prayers. As a type of text, a prayer embodies the essence of religion: relationship between the individual and God. It also reflects view points and values of religious society orientations in its concentrated form. Methodology of studying includes...

The vocabulary of any language is enriched not only at the expense of its own resources, but also through borrowing. The current activation of the borrowing process in the Russian language, mainly from the English language, is a natural consequence of globalization, language contacts in various areas of life, and, therefore, the language interactions. The English-originated borrowings have a great linguistic potential to create a plenty of derivatives. Being borrowed in the Russian language, anglicisms continue de...

The study deals with the cognitive approach to investigation of sociocultural threats in Russia. Cognitive approach is understood in this article as a set of tools and methodologies used to identify in different types of discourse (news, fiction, academic) linguistic representations of threats as they are conceptualized and verbalized in modern Russian society. The purpose of the research is threefold: 1) to use the data of specially elaborated THREAT-corpus with the aim of identifying conceptual metaphors of thre...

The paper touches upon problems of liguocultural adaptation of Chinese students to training at a Russian higher school in terms of learning Russian as a foreign language (RFL) at a preparatory stage. Chinese students are known as one of the most difficult contingents of Russian universities, which is largely explained by fact that they speak not only a different language, but also have other culture, other pedagogical tradition, family, school and university training. Against the background of an increase of the n...

The aim of our research is to present an approach to systemic liquidity management of the company. We study patterns of liquidity management that reflect the requirements of the relationship between strategic and current financial management, the interaction of liquidity risk and profitability as the core of added value creation, as well as the tools for their implementation. The econometric toolkit was aimed at identifying threshold points in the joint dynamics of liquidity and profitability with the identificati...

The aim of this review study is to map out the concepts of literary education that were found to be relevant in the pedagogical-psychological and didactical research for improving the quality of teaching and to find out whether and how these concepts are approaching the educational reality. Firstly, the discussions about the target strategies, content and interpretative methodology of literary education that were evoked by the changes declared by the curricular reform are mapped out. Subsequently, the concepts of ...

The aim of this paper is to describe German literature in a Czech region called Moravian Wallachia in years 1848-1948, when Wallachia was seen as a distinctive multicultural space, which included the Czech culture and also significant traces of German and Jewish cultures. The paper focuses on the following issues: basic tendencies in German-written literature from Moravian Wallachia, methodological problems of this research, correlations in literary epochs, ties to the canon of German literature, perception of the...

The article discusses problems associated with the adaptation of attics in buildings located in the historical old town complexes of European cities. It is an attempt at illustrating several aspects of the preparation and implementation of a complex development process based upon, among other elements, a multi-criteria decision-making process. In comparison to development projects planned outside of building complexes of historical value, the introduction of a new form of use into existing structures of a historic...

The local identity of urban spaces becomes a necessary requirement for the design and planning of urban development. The article proposes a system of the spatial factors influencing the local identity of urban areas and provide new directions for improvement of urban planning practices. The spatial structure of the urban environment becomes clear and obvious when identifying the places with the highest concentration of day and night social activity. Architecture and public spaces of the city create the most durabl...

The article presents the essence of productivity, the level of which, as developed countries' experience shows, is a significant factor improving the competitiveness of businesses. The notion, as well as features and multidimensionality of logistics systems have been presented. It has been determined that a well operating logistics system should be characterized by: effectiveness and efficiency, and its processes should guarantee appropriate quality. At the same time the system should be productive, profitable and...

Background Taking into account, that many recent research papers about functional anatomy, emphasized strong connections between motor cerebral areas and pre-frontal ones and that professional training performed on a period of time longer than 5 years, produced cerebral hemispheres functional plastic modifications, we consider opportune, to study the effects of long term physical effort, over cerebral activity at athletes, with a professional sportive experience longer than 5 years, from different sports as handba...

The subject of the paper is an analysis of the situation in public finances in Poland and Slovakia in 2000-2018. The authors formulated three research questions: 1) What was the budgetary situation and the level of public debt in both countries in the pre-accession period, in particular in the years of economic slowdown 2001-2003; 2) What were the results of public finance consolidation after the EU accession, in the period of economic prosperity 2004-2007; 3) What was the scale of the deterioration in public fina...

Employee loyalty is one of the most important factors in the organization. The management of many organizations develops their training programs, benefit packages, performance appraisal and work system based on their company policies. The study included 169 customer service consultants with seniority from 3 months to 10 years and over who are working in one of the bank branch in Latvia. Respondents filled questionnaire: J. Meyer, N. Allen and A. Smith's "Survey of loyalty to the profession". The aim of research is...

Wittgenstein's views have been considered from different perspectives: from the standpoint of logic, philosophy, methodology of science, theory of mind and, finally, from the standpoint of religion, mysticism and myth. However, they are not so often considered from the perspective of natural sciences. Wittgenstein distinguishes between a name and a word. The name is on the surface, while the word affects emotions, penetrating into life. How deep does it penetrate into reality? This issue can be approached from two...

The objective of this paper is to analyze the development of luxury hotel industry in Romania in the last more than thirty years. The research methodology consists of the inventory of the accommodation capacity of Romania, of the luxury hotels built in this period and the analysis of assessment methods and identification of hotel strategy types for this market (hotel chain penetration, formation of the new brands). According to the new trends in luxury travel industry, the research aims at analyzing the possibilit...

The article is devoted not just to historical analysis of the Roman republican structures, but to the revealing of historical backgrounds of the institutes of democracy that we have today. In fact the Romans were the first who established the stable and viable institutes based on democratic principles and able to survive even great civil wars of the late Republic and to transform into effective mechanism of state management during the period of Empire. What was called in the ages of Rome “magistracy” today is ...

Background: Fragmentation of health and social care systems requires intense coordination among various stakeholders in order to provide continuity of care that reflects needs of patients, especially those with complex needs. Almost two decades of trials to approach problems of care fragmentation and poor outcomes for patients by policy makers and professionals in the Czech Republic have not lead to any substantial change in the way how care is provided. The objective of this study was to identify the main barrier...

The interest of linguistics in studying linguistic personality has significantly grown. This phenomenon is special because, in our opinion, under the conditions of global communication and free access to information, human abilities rapidly expanded and there is an obvious growth of individual evolution. The bearer of linguistic consciousness is a linguistic personality, i.e. human who exists in a language environment – communication, stereotypes of behaviour that are registered in language, meanings of linguist...

Being aware of and accepting the fact that English is Language No. 1 in the present world, we can come to the conclusion that this reality can be used and relied upon in the process of teaching other foreign languages. Languages cannot be taught in an isolated way - experience with language learning and teaching results in the establishment of so called "interlanguage". The experience gained through the earlier process of learning the mother tongue and a foreign language (or foreign languages) can support and/or n...

V.MakaninВ’s artistic world is analysed as an ontological model of correlation between social and personal universes, which is disharmonious in its essence. One of the reasons that makes this situation possible is a gap formed between the masculine and the feminine sides of the contemporary world. The suggested study provides an analysis of V.MakaninВ’s evaluation given to the model of contemporary civilization created by men and for men: this evaluation is related to crisis and hopelessness. In turn, a woman is m...

The article presents theoretical consideration of types and elements of personnel motivation programs and performance evaluation criteria as obligatory components of a management accounting system, aimed at reaching strategic organizationВ’s goals and objectives, through investments in human capital. Result-oriented performance is only possible by means of matching employeesВ’ professional interests and abilities with corporate goals. The presence of highly qualified personnel in an organization is its main compet...