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In the doctrine and judicial practice, it has been stated that the performance of the obligations stipulated in synallagmatic contracts must be made simultaneously by both parties. Therefore, the refusal of one of the contracting parties to perform its own obligations breaks the balance that must exist between the reciprocal performances of synallagmatic contracts so that the other party is also entitled to cease performing its own obligations. Thus, the exception of non-performance consists in the possibility for...

The article deals with issues related to the charitable activities of zemstvos on the example of the Vladimir zemstvo in the second half of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century. The zemstvo budget is analyzed in terms of its revenue and expenditure: sources, amounts, revenue dynamics, directions and expenditures, and sources for covering the budget deficit of the Vladimir zemstvo. The description of the financial security of social institutions, whose activities were controlled by the Vladimir zemstvo is give...

The innovations, especially social, are widely recognized as a strategic base of rural areas’ sustainable development. Numerous studies have found the positive impact of social capital on innovations, especially social innovations. Furthermore, the innovation is an important tool to transform social capital into the higher income levels and higher innovation performance. The paper presents an assessment of the role of social capital and its relationship to innovations, particularly social innovations in rural area...

The problem of many European Union countries has been for a long time a high deficit of public finances and also high public debt. This situation resulted in the year 2012 to debt crisis, which need to be addressed by non-standard measures of economic policy. Although Slovakia never fell between countries with excessive public debt, however, since the formation of independent Slovak Republic in 1993 never reached a balanced state budget. The government, therefore, has developed „The stability program of the Slovak...

The paper focuses on the so-called Berlin school and its role in urban and architectural realizations in the period of the historicism. The present study was covered the eastern areas of Prussia, currently located in the boundaries of Poland. The following cities were analyzed: Berlin, Szczecin, Pozna? and Wroc?aw, which in the first half of the 19th century underwent a process of intense changes in urban planning and architecture. The scientific literature of subject and research of archival materials in the coll...

Image making of politicians is nowadays a pre-set, specially managed and construed process aimed at the key objective of drawing attention to specific individual, party or political process. Quite often such images do not match the real personalities and their features, they only exist on the cognition of political supporters as reflection of the developed image. The images, however, serve as the key tools that provide support, attract attention and votes by electorates, raise to trust, expectations, etc. The aim ...

The aim of the article is to study ways of the implementation of the strategy of the economic diversification in countries – major oil exporters. It is well-known that the expansion of non-oil sources of added value is the main guideline of the economic diversification and decreasing the dependency on oil revenues in the developing countries – oil exporters. Many economists recommend to such states rapid privatization and reduction of the government participation in the economy as almost the only way of the divers...

Developing adequate methods for stocktaking of landscape resources and for assessment of the landscape is a key issue for its proper preservation and shaping, which are determinant actions conditioning sustainable development and spatial order. The need to develop a method for assessing the cultural landscape, adapted to contemporary ways of defining its attractiveness (considering not only aesthetic or utilitarian but also social and emotional aspects), is clearly visible in the context of the dynamics of the cul...

University teacher is a factor which determines the level of the educational process, but also the level of scientific and research activities. Recently, there can be permanently witnessed the efforts at the national level by stressing the importance of the project and research activities in higher education institutions. In the process of quality assessment are mostly preferred quantitative indicators. The development of personality of students, however, contributes significantly to the level of teaching activity...

Knowledge takes many forms and shapes. Usually we associate our gathering of information and knowledge by what is transmitted in books and text. But it is often through our visual heritage that we perceive and build a notion of world and space around us. According to J.B. Harley [1] there has probably always been a natural impulse to create maps. Cartographic maps are historically synonymous of power, since geographic representation and knowledge in them concentrated influences, moved reigns, borders, and controll...

An inalienable content of a state of law, which is Latvia, is the protection and enforcement of rights and legitimate interests of the individual, especially in relation to enforcement of rights of persons, involved in criminal procedure. Freedom of the individual, his/her rights and guarantees are increasing and it is also a characteristic of the criminal procedure. Latvia is a full member of the European Union. To issues of enforcement of human rights are paid special attention and attempts are made to change ra...

In the therapeutic use of modelling from clay, effective factors of multisensory therapeutic approaches overlap with the principles and processes of art therapy. Clay as a medium offers various sensory stimuli, including dispersed touch, temperature and smell. These inputs may serve as triggers for memories or emotional associations and as means of change. Art therapy can intentionally work with the sensory qualities of the material realizing their potential in art-therapeutic creation. This qualitative study expl...

For decades there has been a general presupposition that the main aim of an academic degree is to guarantee good career prospects and fulfillment of economic and other material needs of an individual in future. However, recently the focus has finally shifted from the concept of personal welfare to the concept of global wellbeing and universal sustainability. This positive change has been embraced by the leading educational institutions which resulted in adapting the curricular to the modern scenario of the common ...

The implementation of the Russian professional standard for teachers has determined the topicality of the study. The main aim of this research is the improvement of English language teachers’ professional competence within the system of training courses on EL methodology. During the research the theoretical, empirical, diagnostic methods were used. Theoretical methods included the analysis of the problem and the subject of research, systematic and logical analysis, a holistic approach to the study of pedagogical p...

Any social or business sphere implies interaction and relationship between people at different levels. The simplest way of setting proper relations is language. A skilled specialist should be able to use a foreign language as a tool of communication, on the one hand, and as an instrument of influencing the cognition of the partner for creation an adequate and necessary effect in the communication process, on the other. Hence a real professional should understand what kind of relationship with an interlocutor s/he ...

The subject is the key element, the basis of the structure of the fugue form due to its melodic, rhythmic, harmonic and polyphonic features. Even from the Baroque period, the development and the final entry were the sections with the most innovative constructive aspects due to a certain freedom given to the composer in the treatment of the theme, resulting in a multitude of ways to conceive them. In 20th-century music, this freedom becomes manifest in all musical parameters (melody, rhythm, key, writing etc.), but...

The aim of the contribution is to acquaint readers with the development of new training methods for fire brigade members and their application within the “Training Simulator for Type Activities” project. This applied research has helped to create a special software tool for the training of fire brigades. Thematically, this project focused on the area of regular special preparation of fire brigades in response to selected emergencies when the joint action of Integrated Rescue System services is necessary – so-calle...

The scientific-educational approach, combining the educational point of view with the scientific criticism of the educational approach, was formed, oddly enough, in the study of alchemy, and views the latter as a stage in the development of chemistry. It is this approach which combined the ideas of the Enlightenment with natural science and its history and became the basis for the formation of a classical view of the Hermetic tradition. This approach is based on the reality of the object of alchemy, proving that i...

Motivation has been the subject of numerous books on human resources management. However, it is not frequently discussed in the energy sector, and particularly not in the mining industry. The ongoing restructuring processes in the Polish mining industry make it impossible to identify a consistent motivational scheme. The existing programmes, due to the ever-changing operational conditions of mining companies, are maladjusted to employees’ expectations. This article attempts to evaluate the expectations of miners t...

The main purpose of this article is to actualize study of the features of regional political leadership positioning from the point of view of the possibilities of its transformation in the modern information society of Russia. It is suggested that the role of public expertise is growing in modern Russia, and, moreover, becomes an operative institution for the co-governance of social and political processes in the regions of the Russian Federation. The authors of the article consider aspects of regional political l...

The article presents a study of cultural buildings and hybrid cultural complexes that have been built throughout the last decade in many cities in Poland as a result of the „Bilbao effect”, focusing on the improvement of the quality and attractiveness of urban public spaces due to their construction. The research method used in the work was based on desk research, on-site research, as well as a comparative analysis of selected examples, referring them to cases known from literature. The base for the research under...

The paper outlines the importance of teachers in relation to students and their emotions in the classroom. The variability of students ' emotions in the pedagogical process of foreign language learning with a focus on the interpenetration of the psychologism - effects of relationships between students and teachers is shown in this study. First, we argue that the special relationship that develops between teachers and students leads to the emotional experiences of students. Second, using interpersonal theory, we as...

The article highlights the issues of international student mobility and the process of choosing the country to go to study abroad. South Korea is on the third place in the list of top East Asian countries hosting international students from all over the world. The article presents the results of the research on Russian students graduated from the universities in South Korea and its motivation to study abroad. Data collection from the semi-structured interviews revised the perception of educational system of Korean...

The research was carried out between 2016-2017 at Research and Development Station for Plant Culture on Sands Dabuleni on sandy soil with reduced natural fertility. Five Korean sweet potato varieties (Yulmi, Juhwangmi, Hayanmi, KSP 1, KSC 1) were studied, using planting rooted shoots and non-rooted shoots. The results show increase in the number of tuberous roots, with 0.42 large tubers/plant and 0.65 small tubers, by using rooted shoots for planting, compared to planting of fresh cut shoots. Were observed Yulmi a...

The inclusion of the elderly in the community as equal members and providing opportunities for the elderly to participate in work related activities is one of the main tasks of modern society. The goal of the study was to estimate the participation of elderly people in activities related to the work or volunteer activities. 120 examinees from 65 to 93 years of age who are users of centers and homes for the care of the elderly participated in the study. The study used a sociodemographic questionnaire and selected p...

Poor people with unsecured position or low-income must always have opportunities to maintain their rights in courts of justice. The ability to use free legal assistance is particularly important for people under criminal prosecution. Criminal procedure is the sphere of state activity, which can cause maximum limitation of a human rights, and its results can influence the whole human life. International legal acts, both global and local fortify not only the right of suspected and accused person to use attorney’s he...

Short-term visions, a weak understanding of the mechanisms of the economic and social environment, lack of responsibility are frequently seen in the global society, signaling the loss of direction of the economic world and lying at the basis of economic and financial disasters, as well as lessons supporting the need to reconsider corporate governance mechanisms and reinforce the place and part of control therein. Corporate governance is as important for the business world as democracy for the rule of law. The grea...

Global trade flows have been strongly affected by the worldwide economic crisis that broke out in 2008. Trade collapse in 2009 was deep but followed by a swift recovery in 2010-2011. However, later on the situation got complicated - growth rates have been much lower than expected and in 2015-2016 trade flows declined once again. The goal of the paper is to analyze the main trends in global trade flows - in terms of growth, changes in geographical structure etc. and point out main factors affecting trade in a posit...

The aim of this article is to present descriptive geometry, which quickly reached the Polish lands. First lecture was held at the Warsaw School of Artillery and Engineering in 1809-1812, by a French teacher Jan Joachim Livet (1809-12). The new discipline was quickly adopted in all major centers of Polish science at that time, which include university cities - Warsaw, Krakow, Vilnius and the Krzemieniec Lyceum, which represent high level of teaching. In each of the existing universities, efforts were made to create...

The improvement of the procedural guarantees of the inviolability of the person in the criminal procedure of Latvia in involving person as accused is associated with the further change of the legal regulation of issues, related to the determination of the grounds and after taking a decision, concerning the involvement as accused and lodging of charges, as well as the rights and obligations of the accused. Without lodging of charges, without the availability of persons in the criminal procedure, in respect of whom ...

This article deals with the material from two archival Pelym-Russian dictionaries of Mansi language. The dictionaries were disclosed quite recently: the first one, compiled by Father Konstantin Slovtsov in 1905, was found in 2015 in The National Library of Finland; the second one, recorded by Archpriest Simeon Cherkalov in 1783, was found in the National Library of Russia in St Petersburg in 2017. Previously, none of these dictionaries was put into scientific usage. The Pelym dialect is one of the dialects of the ...

Political metaphorology is a research area in modern science, which arose at the intersection of political linguistics on the one hand, and the conceptual metaphor theory (G. Lakoff), on the other. Until the end of the previous century, the undisputed leaders of the considered scientific area were scholars from the United States, but since the beginning of this century, such studies have been actively carried out in Russia, Germany, France, Bulgaria, and other European countries. The main interest of modern Russia...

There are two fields of state social policy linked in this paper – migration policy and policy of the social protection. This paper is relevant for the terminology of social sphere. For the state, which wants to implement integration policy towards migrants, it is necessary to examine the establishing of care for migrants in one subsystem of social protection – social insurance. The main objective of this paper is to examine measures (instrument) of social insurance and their application in the life of a migrant. ...

Background information The article investigates the role of negation in business discourse, which complies with the communicative code of conduct. It doesn’t always permit conversational participants to directly express disagreement, discontent or denial, which fact bespeaks the need to use indirect speech techniques, allowing the interlocutors to achieve their aims while remaining on friendly terms with each other. This is achieved through implicit negation. Methods/Aims The present study aims to give a comprehen...

Parking policy should be part of an integrated revitalization strategy. An integrated approach requires the implementation of processes that influence the determination of the value of parking indicators. It is also important to implement projects that will indirectly contribute to improving the situation in degraded areas. One of such actions is the implementation of a parking policy that aims to eliminate the problem of congestion in city centers. There are no mandatory indicators for the minimum number of parki...

Judiciary represents the only way for settling all kinds of disputes in a modern state. The ability of judiciary to settle disputes in a reasonable and acceptable time has become endangered owing to the complication in ways of life and the increasing and overlapped disputes. Consequently, the problem of slow pace of litigation and that of inefficiency of judgments have arisen. These two phenomena are too dangerous and threaten justice. Further; they strip the right of litigation guaranteed by constitution of its v...

The end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century has been a period of rapid development of digital technology, which is a base for everyday functioning of the society based on knowledge. The growing importance of information caused rapid development of technologies facilitating and accelerating exchange of information, so called communicators. A new space for sharing knowledge and information has been created by the network of information and communication tools, which is now called cyberspace. It is simu...

In the Polish higher education, the career path covers two subsequent academic degrees (doctor and habilitated doctor), as well as the title of professor. Being awarded these degrees and title depends on the individual assessment of scientific achievement in the form of publications, participation in research projects and the degree of internationalization of scientific activities. Having the above universal legal and substantive conditions in mind, there are no objective barriers hindering the professional develo...

Small towns have a crucial role in the formation of the communal political process in the Czech Republic. Small towns are a place where the sphere of independent politics, associations of independent political associations and mixed with high politics and parties represented at the national level. The aim of the article is to answer the question of the role of the inhabitants of small towns in relation to the political representation of the municipality. The authors aim to point out the specifics of the municipal ...

In 2015, as a result of historical and art studies of the complex of petroglyphs Rashaa-Khad in Mongolia, an indescribable anthropomorphic image was discovered, which was given the name "dancing shaman". It was located on the well-known and long-studied stele, on which a large number of tamgo-shaped signs of the Mongolian clans were carved. The image was located on the edge, poorly read because of the thick layer of organic matter. When clearing and copying through a special thin paper – mikalent, we were able to ...

The paper is a sociological analysis of Russian students’ position in relation to an important problem of science meddling into human reproduction sphere, to new scientific reproduction technologies that are supposed to meet the challenges of new generation reproduction and population control. The research covers the attitude of the young people to modern scientific advances in the area of new reproduction technologies (NRT) like artificial insemination, extracorporal fertilization and cloning. The respondents inc...

The subject of the paper is an analysis of the situation in public finances in Poland and Slovakia in 2000-2018. The authors formulated three research questions: 1) What was the budgetary situation and the level of public debt in both countries in the pre-accession period, in particular in the years of economic slowdown 2001-2003; 2) What were the results of public finance consolidation after the EU accession, in the period of economic prosperity 2004-2007; 3) What was the scale of the deterioration in public fina...

The main objective of the paper is an analysis of the educational structure of the population on the basis of selected macroeconomic indicator. The OECD argues that the better education results in increasing productivity, improving the job prospects and more even distribution of results in reducing income inequality and poverty [7]. The selected macro-economic indicator is the rate of unemployment for the individual counties. A precondition for the existence of statistical dependence between structure and register...

The season of 2017/2018 in Latvia was especially rich in stagings of plays by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828 – 1906). Ibsen’s plays were staged both in theatres and opera, in the capital city of Riga and other towns in Latvia. On the whole in the season of 2017/2018 Latvian audience could watch 7 staged plays by Ibsen. 2 of them are interpretations of “Peer Gynt” in Latvian National Theatre (premiere on 27 October 2016, director Viesturs Kairišs) and Latvian National Opera (premiere on 28 October 2016, au...

In a world of perpetual transformation, the awareness of social responsible education gains valuable meaning for higher education institutions which have the mission to frame and disseminate knowledge related to ethics, social responsibility, and sustainable practices. The paper aims to investigate the effects of teaching activities in social responsibility and civic skills, and to assess the outcomes of an intensive study programme (ISP) in this topic, designed and tested in UPB, during five teaching and learning...

The diffusion and development of digital technologies had radically changed the way in which museums and cultural institutions offer content to the public. In this regard, the academic field has been discussed about the connection between the Design discipline and Cultural Heritage for several years; this is due to the profound transformations faced in both Design and Cultural Heritage areas. Through the description of two different pro-jects we intend to highlight the problem of technology, which does not represe...

Wittgenstein's views have been considered from different perspectives: from the standpoint of logic, philosophy, methodology of science, theory of mind and, finally, from the standpoint of religion, mysticism and myth. However, they are not so often considered from the perspective of natural sciences. Wittgenstein distinguishes between a name and a word. The name is on the surface, while the word affects emotions, penetrating into life. How deep does it penetrate into reality? This issue can be approached from two...

Bridges in urban areas often constitute architectural dominant features of particular cities. In general, while an arrangement of bridges in rural areas prefers technical points of view, in case of urban bridges esthetical or architectural perspective plays important role as well. It causes non-unified solutions and more complicated structures, frequently with very knotty details. Such structures cannot be monitored using conventional methods as shown in an example of the fallen footbridge in Prague recently. The ...

The merger processes in relation to universities have different objectives than processes characteristic of business sectors. One of the key objectives of the university is usually to increase the scientific or didactic effectiveness as a result of the merger. This is connected with the mechanism of "critical mass" and the progressive globalization of the science and higher education sectors. The larger scale of research and didactics resulting from the potential combination should provide better scientific result...

The author highlights some tragic aspects of the Russian diplomacy history after the October Revolution of 1917. The article provides an acute insight into the different periods in which the Soviet diplomatic service had to execute its foreign policy, but at the same time suffered severe losses due to Stalinist persecution. The attention is focused on four People’s Commissars for Foreign Affairs: Lev Trotsky, Georgy Chicherin, Maxim Litvinov and Viacheslav Molotov. Particular tragic was the life of Lev Trotsky, se...