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The article is devoted not just to historical analysis of the Roman republican structures, but to the revealing of historical backgrounds of the institutes of democracy that we have today. In fact the Romans were the first who established the stable and viable institutes based on democratic principles and able to survive even great civil wars of the late Republic and to transform into effective mechanism of state management during the period of Empire. What was called in the ages of Rome “magistracy” today is call...

In today’s rapidly changing business environment business performance is becoming increasingly important. Improving business performance becomes an integral part of the strategic management of any business that wants to succeed in today's competitive environment. New methods (concepts) that are used to measure and manage financial performance are gradually introduced. These methods include not only financial but also non financial indicators that describe financial performance in its entire complexity. The aim of ...

This paper examines cognitive structures of the selected proverbs in three languages as well as outlines their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Taking into account their rich cultural context and the ability to reflect the way knowledge and experience are processed and conceptualized, proverbs and their modern modifications are of interest to cognitive linguistics. The comparison of metaphoric models in three languages reveals the coincidence of the cognitive mechanism though cultural scripts tend to vary, but not ...

Speech portraying of political figures is a popular research area of modern Russian linguistics (??????? 2007, ????????? 2012, ???????? 2016, ??????? 2012, ?????? 2014, ????? 2016, ???????? 2009, etc). Normally, the scholar’s attention is focused on the discourse of national leaders – kings, presidents, prime-ministers, etc. Meanwhile, the political figures of a lower status (for instance, governors or city mayors) may also be of great scientific interest from the perspective of their communicative behaviour and i...

This article considers the development of the theory of knowledge management. The relevance of the article is due essentially to the powerful development of the information and digital economy and its impact on all areas of the economy of the state. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical provisions on the strategy, organization and economy of the knowledge management system as a component of the enterprise management system as a whole. Methods of forming the strategy of the knowledge manageme...

Requirements to the quality of training and retraining specialists increases the role of continuous education during the entire employment period of the individual. In the article the diversification of professional education we considered as a principle of development of continuing vocational education and alternative to the classic process of formation of professional knowledge. Diversification of education can be realized in two forms: extensive and intensive (horizontal and vertical). Extensive form – creation...

The term VAT grouping is a current term in EU tax systems and serves as an instrument of simplification of tax administration and a means of combating tax fraud. The complexity of EU market and the existence of various legal solutions in the framework of national legislation impose additional costs onto entrepreneurs, making the European Union a less attractive investment destination. In the framework of the studied topic, the establishment of the single market calls for the harmonisation of national legislation o...

Recent Polish architecture, since the political breakthrough of the year 1989, and definitely at least since the admission of the country into the European Union, has gained great momentum. The euphoria of the newly gained freedom has erupted in the building boom and brought about many astonishing phenomena, not always conducive to protection of cultural heritage, to put it mildly. There are, of course, highly controversial examples of new developments, including the likewise controversial decisions of the state c...

The article is focused on social work with persons after brain damage. A brain damage caused both by a disease or by an injury constitutes a problem in the whole society. The coverage of follow-up care for persons after brain damage and for their families, provided by social service organizations, is often difficult particularly from the perspective of availability, quality of financial demandingness of such services. The motive to research this issue consisted in the assumption that people after acquired brain da...

Intensified by poly-cultural space of translation, specific nature of scientific discourse, which increasingly invokes the phenomenon of intertextuality, precondition special relevance of cognitive text forming mechanisms aimed at ensuring scientific text perception and comprehension in what concerns semiotic and functional potential thereof. The aim of this study is to consider the intercorrelations between cognitive and linguistic structures of the medical concept “BoNTA naïve injections” within scientific infor...

Background: Although forthcoming EU Geo-blocking Regulation should minimise the problem of customers discrimination in online cross-border trade, it will not resolve all obstacles experienced by consumers during shopping online abroad, including payment-related ones, that are leading to the dissatisfaction of consumers, being experienced typically late during the shopping process, after some effort and time. Paper goal is to investigate the occurrences of payment-related obstacles in domestic and cross-border B2C ...

The universal right to travel, alongside with the right of developing one’s personality – in addition to the right to rest and enjoy relaxation – as an expression of the universal human rights – form the fundamental reason for social tourism. The main objective of this paper is to define social tourism, which through the objectives, population targets and achievements thus far obtained, is seen as one of the most important vectors that bring these rights in practical application. Within this approach, social touri...

The article explores influence of Ordoliberal School of economic thinking, also known as Freiburg School of economic thought on the competition law and policy of the European Communities and later the European Union. Methodology, brief history and members of the tradition shall be introduced, with particular focus and emphasis on Walter Eucken (1891–1950), the founder of the School, Franz Böhm (1895–1977), author of the school's competition policy/law drafts, Hans Großmann-Doerth (1894–1944) and Friedrich August v...

The study of media content and its impact on the audience is topical for modern Russian information and communication resources. 33 media threats concerning unmanaged development of media space and 9 methods to minimize harm from the negative influence of media, including social media, on audience were identified by researchers of the Faculty of Communications, Media and Design (Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia). These media threats and methods of neutralizing them were tested on a group of respondents o...

The tax policy has now become tougher, risks have risen in the use of tax schemes based on abuse of law. Tax authorities and courts are fighting against abuses and illegal schemes in the tax sphere. Taxpayers come up with new methods of tax planning. Russian legislation is gradually beginning to formulate legal norms in the field of tax planning, its principles and criteria. Tax planning and optimization of taxation are not properly regulated at the legislative level, despite the fact that in the science of financ...

Driving phobia is common in the general population and it is characterized by persistent fear of driving and the tendency to avoid driving stimuli. The aim of the present study is to assess the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms after a road accident (i.e. intrusions, avoidance, alteration in mood and cognitions, arousal) and traffic phobia (driving fear and driving avoidance). A sample of 298 drivers (54.4 % were men) took place at this study. The participants’ mean age is 33.01 (SD = 11.07). The part...

Persons with severe visual impairment are trained by a large number of professionals, from doctors, special educators, social workers to lawyers or finance specialists. In the framework of our contribution, we would like to present a comprehensive overview of the complex services provided to individuals with severe visual impairment within the Czech Republic and then focus on visual therapists as professionals from the field of visual therapy. Visual therapy in the Czech Republic is relatively new field, where the...

The paper is devoted to the issues of tax accumulation and its role in shaping the amount of local government taxes in Poland. Therefore, the research covered taxes forming the tax system which entirely contribute to the budgets of local government units. The basic objective of the study is an in-depth analysis of the concept of the classic institution of tax law in question. The implementation of this research intention, however, required reference to the relationship between tax accumulation and the obligatory e...

The age-old dispute between supporters of egalitarian and elitist paradigms has lasted for many centuries, both within the framework of political philosophy and in the depths of socio-political doctrines. One of the stumbling blocks to this discourse is the problem of justice. Each side offers its own vision of this key segment of their system and tries to convince everyone of the historical validity of its ideological position. Such a confrontation led to serious socio-political conflicts, with uncountable casual...

People's Artist of Kazakhstan Abylkhan Kasteev was a subtle connoisseur of history, culture, customs and traditions, which was clearly reflected in his work. Therefore, the numerous works of the artist today cause not only artistic and aesthetic interest, but also scientific, as they represent a huge layer of pictorial material on the history, traditional culture and way of life of Kazakhs in a wide chronological range. This article gives a brief analysis of the historiography of A. Kasteev's works, especially sci...

This essay reflects on the relationship between space and construction characterizing the contemporary in thickness architecture. Understood as a new project material, the system of walls/spaces is the result of an evolution and synthesis of three different wall conceptions and construction techniques. The first belongs to the Roman wall, a large and continuous mass that is transformed into the negative space of an inner volume. The second one belongs to the Renaissance, where the research focuses on the decomposi...

In this paper we present the part of results of wider research which are focused on finding the dependence of leisure time activities on philosophical, values and religion attitudes of respondents. Our intention is to present the results of research which was carried out in the form of a questionnaire survey in 2016. For this research the data from over 2300 respondents among The Czech Republic were collected. For the measurement of leisure activities has been the Catalogue of Leisure Activities used and the hypot...

Usage of child’s perspective (including its sophisticated utilization of naivety) in the literature for adults is able to unmask deformed social experience and human characters in extraordinarily convincing way. The work of the German author Edgar Feuchtwanger - Hitler, My Neighbour - is ranked among this kind of proses. The author depicts collective trauma of humanity (racial genocide in the 20th century) by the means of the child’s optics. The authors of the study interpret two levels of factualism in this memor...

The Polish-Slovak relations were very complicated at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. Both Slovakia and Poland formed part of Czechoslovakia and they represented the product of a new international political order that emerged after the First World War. However, these states had mutual unresolved problems and border disputes dated often back a long time. These issues also related to Slovakia. Since the late 19th century, the Region of Northern Spiš, Region of Orava and the areas around the Town of ?adca had represe...

Today we live in complexity and uncertainty about our future; the technological advancement is changing the role of human and decay the disciplines, we are living the rise of the leisure and post-work society. Therefore there is a growing need to find new ways of living and working. In the latest research, different scholars have described a series of advanced thinking principles (e.g., Design Thinking; Future Thinking) which ought to be the ones that enable people to activate themselves on creating today’s-fit so...

From the point of view of modern science, we do not know all the properties of light. We still have a very poor idea of light. Apparently, our understanding about the environment, including light, are still very primitive and simple. We know almost nothing about the surrounding nature, the cosmos, about other civilizations. In a scientific way - about the microcosm, the macrocosm and megacosm. In a popular way - about the middle, upper and lower worlds. Human organs of the senses do not sense the invisible ritual ...

The former socialist countries that joined the European Union have since managed to reduce the distance of wealth separating them from the richest countries of this bloc, albeit at varying degrees and pace. In the last few years, the so-called middle income trap, which may pose a threat to EU-member post-socialist countries, is attracting more and more attention. Although this concept has many definitions, their common thread is the exhaustion by states falling into such a trap of current simple development factor...

The study analyzes the functioning of the hospitality industry in the structure of working tourist routes in the regions of Russia. The range of problems that determine the quality of hotel service, which is provided to guests, located on the tourist route. The institutional conditions that affect the market of hotel services, as well as services of other means of accommodation. The study determined that the low level of service in hotels is determined by the structure of demand from tourists and tour operators wh...

Starting from the production experiences of the early twentieth century for iron fixtures, the paper deals with the technological aspects of the evolution of the section bars composing the Curtisa aluminum windows, from the simple hinged or sliding doors, up to the curtain wall façades.

Currently the number of cars in Polish cities is growing faster than the number of inhabitants. There are already 878 registered vehicles in the Polish city of Wroc?aw for 1000 inhabitants. Parking problems affect not only the city center, but also more and more its edges. There is a shortage of parking spaces on many new multi-family housing estates. The following questions arise: how does Wroc?aw's parking policy counteract this negative trend? How many parking spaces falls on one dwelling in development investm...

Since the political changes supported in December 1989, the Romanian social protection system had underwent through various stages of evolution, development and restructuring. During the same time, sets of laws, that supported the reform of the system, and minimum quality standards were set up to ensure that services were provided, indifferent of the nature of the supplier - public or private - with the same quality. However, aside from the prerequisites that need to be fulfilled by the contractor in order to be a...

Quality management and logistics processes in an enterprise should be closely related. The area of quality management and logistics processes must penetrate each other, co-exist. Their cooperation enables the company to achieve the organization's goals effectively, attract new customers and build a competitive advantage in the market. In the process of quality management in logistics, an important area is to prepare and constantly monitor the system of logistics implementation of customer service. The purpose of t...

The article studies the different aspects of the person’s integration into culture and the society. Namely there is a characteristic of the Internet society represented by some leisure groups or clubs united by the shared interests that contribute to the integration of the personality into the leisure space. There are given the pedagogical possibilities of Internet communities as a communicative-integration space of Internet. The author shares the view that the Internet communities function according to the commun...

Traditionally, the main goal in life is among concepts representing the highest level of the goals hierarchy and self-regulation. This level is closely associated with a presence of meaning in life. The assessment of goals at the highest level depends on a methodological approach. Quantitative studies reduce the assessment of the main goal to its generalized perception, while qualitative studies present a broad variability in its formulations. The aim of this exploratory study was to integrate these views of the m...

One of the fastest growing sectors, the creative economy, contributes to the growth of local, regional and national economies, both through revenue generation and job creation. The study aims to analyze the dynamic of the creative economy at the level of the territorial systems, structured by the main creativity poles in Romania. Quantification of the role of creative economies in the economic profile was achieved by creating a database, at the level of administrative-territorial unit, with the main economic indic...

The article analyzes the problem of compensatory communication in a modern communicative situation. The defining influence on the world of communication these days has been performed by the development of new social networks. For example, the Internet has greatly expanded the sphere of people's information interaction and its opportunities as a means of communication and socialization. Communication in networks can compensate some deformations in the structure of direct interpersonal communication that is subjecti...

Over the centuries, the meeting between the religious music and the secular musical inheritance took place in various ways, some visible, other hidden. This paper aims to synthesise the correspondence between the Romanian byzantine music and ‘doina’, identifying the reciprocal contaminations that came between the two genres. Both these genres represent cultural musical layers which could not be isolated, as they are interconnected by origin, vital space and destination. Although the similarities between ‘doina’ an...

In the present paper the author discuss architecture as an art and its language which is architectural drawing, the oldest and most efficient system of its representation. Although drawings such as sectional views or projections are expressed by means of unequivocal symbols that are generally understood and leave no margin for interpretation, there exists a whole sphere of more abstract notions which includes sketches as records of individual ideas that often only remain on paper but sometimes create a new reality...

The Internet has become a very important source of information for users (students, researchers, general public, etc.) and commercial enterprises. This propulsion of data is related to the diversity of information demands and the need for versatile knowledge. Access to digital data via web services is facilitated by search tools. Following a user request, the search engine has a long list of bibliographic references and web pages. The efficient selection of relevant documents is very difficult given the low accura...

Religion and religious environment are the factors that affect the development and psychological status of a person. It is important for adolescents, who are sensitive to changes in the environment. The purpose of the study is to highlight the factors shaping the religiosity of adolescents and their idea of God. The degree of religiosity of adolescents were studied using a questionnaire of Professor C.A. Lewis. Correlations were analyzed by Pearson product-moment correlation. Sample was composed by 320 adolescents...

The paper presents the results of a study of pejoration as a frequency type of evaluative statements in contemporary Russian media discourse. It is stated that the language means for expressing pejorative meanings have different level characteristics: they are heterogeneous, can express a different degree or intensity of negativity, and form a semantic field of pejorativity in the Russian language. In this work, the following research methods were used: descriptive analysis, continuous sampling, contextual analysi...

The study focuses on the design of interior flower pots, which, thanks to a simple idea and suitable selection of materials, can present the contemporary possibilities. Thanks to the database of materials, a school project was developed during which students and their teachers designed interior flower pots that included a description of selected materials and other added features. Designs that met the requirements of the assignment the best were selected for presentation in this article. The individual types of in...

This study focuses on the specific features of managerial accounting used in the Czech Republic, in particular on the typical attitude of manufacturing companies towards product costing and pricing. The objective of absorption costing is to ensure that both the direct and indirect costs of production are included in the production cost. To determine the direct production costs is relatively simple as the amount of them in a product can be measured. On the other hand, the indirect costs are impossible to measure, t...

Introduction: Tobacco smoke and second-hand smoking exposure, at home or in school during childhood and adolescence, increases the risk of respiratory illness. Youth smoking is mostly associated with parents, and their smoking behavior. Also, there are other influences: social environment, targeted advertising, easy access to cigarette products, no control over age limit in purchasing cigarettes, lack of knowledge about the effects of smoking. Material and method: To evaluate the influence of the environment, soci...

Increasing disparities of development are a characteristic of the countries of Eastern Europe. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to the amplification of these phenomena, is a central topic of scientific research in the area of territorial management. The study aims to develop a new methodology to analyze the concentration trend of the poorest administrative units from Romania, the results obtained contributing to a superior understanding of a complex of determinants of polarized development. The analysis inte...

Dynamically changing contemporary world, full of new technological developments, turned out to be also a world of numerous threats for the basic means of communication that the humankind was familiar with “for millennia’’, i.e. for speech. The issues of the importance of language communication in a social worker’s profession are discusses in the article. Communication is are of the most important categories of human life being both the expression and condition of social life. With the increasing participation of a...

The article is devoted to legal aspects of the Children's Environmental Parliament ac-tivity as of a special form of extracurricular education in Ukraine. Basing on the analy-sis of legislation as well as methodological and other documentation the author analyzes and specifies legal forms of the Children's Environmental Parliament activity. Such forms determine its special place in system of extracurricular environmental and natu-ralistic education. Considering progressive achievements of the Ukrainian environment...

Research conducted so far by the influential representatives of the classical guitar’s development has left its mark in various historical periods with the help of musical works which mirror the evolution of the guitar itself, perfecting the means of musical expressivity, which creates identifiable and personalised musical languages. The blending of all the technical-dynamical nuances of the guitar includes the succession known as the ”fan” on the attacking angles, the choice on the longitudinal movement line of t...

This article is concerned with the “playful” strategy of decision-making developed by James G. March, which from his point of view is effective at all levels of human activities and can contribute to the transformation of the entire social structure of society. James G. March proposed the model of decision-making by individuals, organizations, social and cultural systems, which was based on the rejection of reasonable arguments in favor of sensible foolishness. The author demonstrates that the ideas of James G. Ma...

The goals of study were to explore how signs of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) correlate with resilience, anxiety, depression and unemployment duration; to explore the difference between resilience, anxiety and depression for unemployed with or without signs of the ASD; to investigate whether resilience by controlling demographic characteristics explain unemployment. In this study were 211 participants in ages ranging from 20 to 59 years old, who are unemployed and not in full time education. The following met...