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Over the last ten years the variations of religious extremism has been increased sufficiently. Taking into view the controversial nature of the concept content and the difficulty of its adequate use there is a necessity to study the reasons for this affairs state. The reason for the study was the official announcement of the “yellow level” introduction because of the terrorism on the territory of Kazakhstan and enhancement of the diversity of forms of its manifestation in Russia. A group of researchers believe...

The purpose of the research is to define the current impact of cyber weapons on international security, which is affected by the existence of cyberspace, from where are emerging new security threats. The research is divided into two main parts. In the first theoretical part, we used the descriptive method to characterize the main cybersphere threats in form of selected types of malware. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of the concrete malware which were discovered and which have had an imp...

According to a study conducted by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection in 2009, approximately 20.5 % of the population, or about 1.7 million people, were permanently ill but their daily workflows are not affected by their condition. Approximately one million people have health restrictions on their personal physical movement. This amounts to about 13 % of the Austrian population. 318,000 people have visual impairment, 218,000 have some level of hearing loss, and 205,000 s...

The article analyzes the trend in the balance of forces between the Western countries and a group of rapidly developing countries of the BRICS group of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. BRICS demonstrate the very different path of development, but all of them are intensively the processes of modernization and technological renovation of production areas. The analysis on several fronts: features BRICS as an international organization; modernization of the economy; trade relations between the BRICS coun...

Over the last twenty-thirty years, innovation topic has received increasing focus. This is a policy domain that has changed radically as understanding of the correspondence between economic performance, innovation and technological transformation has grown. The ongoing process of globalization provides persistent reasons for increasing national contest for the “localization” of innovations: as business becomes transnational, the attractiveness of countries innovation systems and technological capacities become...

The present contribution aims to provide a fresh look at the short-term impact of a revolutionary and highly controversial political and juridical innovation: the Romanian electoral reform from March 1926. With the help of the sources from the epoch (archive documents, parliamentary debates, press articles, memoirs), I restored the decisive stage of the debates on this bill, I examined the main problems raised on this subject, and I recovered the most important contemporary perspectives – from authorities and fr...

The article is devoted to the process of integration of the immigrants from the Central Asian post-Soviet states that dominate today in the flow of migrants to the Russian Federation. Demographic,economic,and socio-cultural areas of the immigration policy of modern Russia are considered while paying aspecial attention to the gap between a declared and de facto implemented policy. The authorsprove an urgentneed to stop the process of depopulation in some regions and in Russia as a whole; to overcome the shortageof ...

After the fall of communism, in Romania, as in other Central and East European countries, there have been major social and economic changes that were reflected in the way citizens take part in the political life. WomenВ’s involvement in politics is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon which follows very contradictory and sinuous trends: starting from a high rate of female participation in the political life during the communism (only as representatives, but not as decision-makers), to an abrupt drop in the 19...

The objective of this paper is to show Milton's republican vision and the purpose for which republican system was to serve. According to John Milton the Christian alternative to monarchy was to be a free Commonwealth; no other system could free people from the state of slavery in which they were supposed to live, neither could it better secure their freedoms. The republican vision of political order was most precisely delineated in his treaty “The Readie and Easie Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth” (1660). ...

This paper attempts to analyze the system and the behavior of all actors in the field of competition by determining and then analyzed its composition, degree of concentration of businesses in the same activities, bringing them about pricing, bringing them to customer, the number of businesses participating in the market, types of products or services they offer, and many other factors in order to assess the level of competition between businesses in different areas so all this with the purpose of implementation of...

The purpose of the article is how use of marketing analyzes in political marketing. Research question: what marketing methods and analyzes are used in the creation of strategy and political marketing political in Slovakia. The methodology we use are current scientific studies and own research to identify which analyzes are used in practice, these findings are used to evaluate and create conclusions. The main objective is identifying and research marketing analysis to be used in Slovakia. We have identified which m...

In the article potential possibilities and real successes of Russia in the mastery of the Arctic, first of all in the energy direction, are examined. Structural components of the article are the role of Russia in the mastery of the Arctic; the basic directions of international collaboration, in which Russia is interested under the conditions of geopolitical instability in the XXI century. In the light of numerous economic and political risks the author stimulates attention in the eastern foreshortening of the Arct...

This paper provides a methodology for assessing sustainability performance by using financial reports of organisations. In this process, we applied Talcott ParsonsВ’ AGIL paradigm, which is based on system theory and states that the continuity of a social system requires the balance performance between all four components of the system: adaptation (A), goal attainment (G), integration (I) and latent pattern maintenance (L) or values [1]. In her doctoral thesis, Roostalu proved that the AGIL paradigm constitutes a ...

Europe has long been a popular destination in global migration waves, the Mediterranean operating as the main route for African or Middle East migrants. This is maybe one of the oldest routes of connection in human history, going back to the Iron Age and the empires of Antiquity. At the very moment, 7 million people are displaced in Syria and in Afghanistan, 4 million refugees are in Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon and many more are about to come to Europe. Immigrants often have a positive impact on their host society,...

The paper examines the current migration processes in Russia: the demographic structure of migrant population in Russia, the impact of labor migrants and recent government regulation in this area. Low birth rate and population ageing are the main reasons for the evolving problem of labor shortage. It can be partly solved by external inflow of labor migrants. However, migration processes powerfully influence current fiscal politics, ethnic and religious conflicts. Being at the edge of a multilevel crisis, Russia sh...

In the last decades the word "terrorism" became for modern society almost an everyday one. In scientific and practical understanding it means any kind of demonstration of violence carrying either mass, or special-purpose destructive character by this concept. Murders of people in places of their mass gatherings, destruction of housing stock by explosion of buildings or objects of inhabited infrastructure, causing damage to civilian infrastructure (water and food poisoning, causing irreplaceable damage to the farml...

Over the past twenty-thirty years, innovations have received increasing attention. The complication and fast progress of the current innovation-driven economy requires national governments to develop new directions for innovation governance. Global trend demonstrates that developing nations are no longer lagging in their efforts to improve innovation performance, but have become leaders. The aim of this paper is to provide an integrative framework for the comprehensive understanding of the innovation governance in...

The authors reveal the structure of the new political phenomenon - network public policy, formed under the influence of societal changes in contemporary society. As a result of these changes, political institutions and practices acquired new network universal qualities. Network public policy takes place in an environment integrated with the Internet public space and includes the activities of various social and political actors that have significant levels of reflection and use network mechanisms to search for res...

Positivism has been the dominant paradigm across the social sciences. Its quasi-monopoly has been broken only in the last several decades when with the publication of Thomas Kuhn’s grounbreaking study The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), other meta-theoretical stances have managed to assert themselves. From the 1980s onwards, the field of International Relations (IR) has witnessed the emergence of a reflectivist current characterized by the embrace of post-positivism. Reflectivist theories – from pos...

A migration is effect that executes us through the whole history of human race. Although the Slovak Republic belongs to countries with lowest numbers of immigrants the number has an ascendant trend at the present. That is the reason why we should direct our interest to this issue in Slovakia. The intention of this work task is to describe the situation to immigrants, and to find out the opinions of residents in western Slovakia about immigrants. We used the questionnaire for collecting data. The research samples w...

From 2008, an increase of Russian Federation ambitions has induced public demand in EU countries to strengthen their military power. A new recruitment wave is affected by economic struggle, previous downsize of overall equipment, still unfit legislation and low willingness of young generation to serve in order to protect our globalized society. When recent eligible pool of society does explicit difficulties to recruit, then gravity of our interest will have to be pulled to upcoming generation. Moreover, current mi...

Many years of mainly European experiences in economic integration offer a vast empirical background revealing a closer link between benefits and achieved stages of integration. The largest benefits of market integration stem from: size of the internal market of the integrating area and the scale of production, increased competition, liberalization of merchandise and service trade as well as factors of production flows, fragmentation of technological processes and specialization, but also competition law and policy...

The article discusses the political aspects of migrantsВ’ integration on the example of Sverdlovsk region of the Russian Federation. The author pays special attention to the study of integration of migrants from Central Asia as one of the most numerous and, however, different from the local population category of migrants. From the point of view of the author, given the border location of the Sverdlovsk region in relation to the Central Asian States, as well as the high level of its economic development, making th...

In this article, the autors wanted to expose that the Internet has become very important tool of political communication between citizens and political representatives in modern world and that its importance is increasing. In recent years the advent of new tools and social networks demonstrates true strenght of medium such as the Internet. The Internet, as a new medium, appeared quite recently, at the end of the 20th century. This medium creates new opportunities in political communication. Besides direct access t...

European integration is probably the most successful example of integration in the world. After World War II six of European countries – France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands decided to cooperate more closely - mainly in the field of the economic cooperation (only later in political one). And it worked. The process of integration deepened slowly but effectively and more countries decided to join, the United Kingdom as well. The United Kingdom became the member of the European Communities...

France is a traditional European democracy. Its political system was relatively stable since late 1950s with two political blocs. Right – usually connected with the ideas of Charles de Gaulle and left – represented by Socialist party. The situation seems to be different in 2017. As François Hollande became extremely unpopular he decided not to candidate in 2017 anymore. Socialist party chose Benoît Hamon to be candidate but his result 6, 36 % in the first round was poor and more – the worst in the history ...

Political socialization of indigenous minority of the North has social, economic and psychological features. This process [political socialization] is a part of their global problem of integration into modern society, including its social and political structure. At the same time the process of national self-identification increasing should be noted. There are losses of quality of political socialization and involvement of indigenous minority of the North in this process as a result of political socialization most...

The article deals with a current phenomenon that grows up in (not only) European politics and society today. The subject of my investigation, rise of the nationalist populism, is analysed in relation to the increase of the social poverty and (reconstructed) media picture of the migrant crisis. In the following text, the both causes (poverty and media) of the populism are linked with the neoliberal political ideology that is hegemonic nowadays. The analysis is primarily focused on examples from the Czech Republic b...

The poverty as a social problem in post-communist countries began to be an important issue in social and economic sciences at the beginning of the nineties. In the Czech Republic, the poverty is a social problem, which includes both types of polarizing poverty - objective poverty (mostly income poverty) and subjective (emotional or situational poverty). Both types embody their possible consequence – a multidimensional deprivation (Sirovátka, Mares, Ve?erník, Green, 2002). Deprivation in the context of our proj...

The nature of the threats the residents in the Slovak Republic are facing at present has changed after joining the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance. The cooperation and coordination of all these institutions has to work. The financial support of security and rescue forces has to be taken into consideration not only in the case of emergency but also during the problem solving preparatory period. Thanks to adequate financial support it was possible to create a good quality information system between se...

In order to detect the possible ways and obstacles in promoting diversity through the Parliament, we shall briefly introduce the issue of diversity from the perspective of political philosophy and political theory. This will help us create a better comparative framework for the case of the Republic of Macedonia and see if any of the suggestions coming from this stream of thinking are applicable in our scenario. Starting from the premise that the Republic of Macedonia is home to many ethnic groups and is hence mult...

Being multiethnic and multi-religious society should be considered a strong point for any society on earth. The Republic of Macedonia has had the “honor and challenge” of having a very heterogeneous population in terms of its ethic and religious composition. The demographic structure of the population in the country is very specific, since all religions can be found among all ethnic groups with the country. Although the country is divided alongside ethnic lines, such lines become very blur when it comes to rel...

The most important goal of this article is to define the notion of a religious conflict, to introduce a typology of religious conflicts, to analyze the factors of their genesis as well as the possible ways of their mitigation and overcoming. Using the methodology of comparative and content analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that religious motivation among the warring parties, and/or religious legitimation of violence could not be considered as the obligatory conditions for the assignment of conflict as r...

Regarding information and communication technologies improvement, the global e-commerce market has already developed. This market almost has not geographical boundaries and is in demand 24 hours per day seven days a week. All countries pay attention to the electronic commerce development. E-commerce might be one of the drivers for the retail trade revival, improving competitiveness, and ultimately the development of the Russian economy. The article reveals the place of Russian e-commerce, determines trends and pro...

The article considers the problems and prospects of foreign policy of Russia in the CIS. This region has traditionally been of high priority for Russia's foreign policy after the collapse of the USSR. At the same time, it is noted that for one and half decade after the collapse of the Soviet system, Russia's cooperation with the CIS countries was weak, and the integration initiatives were not convert into practice. The situation began to change in the mid-2000s. During the years 2009-2013 the integration processes...

Third-countries migration is considered to be the security threat to the receiving countries. This hypothesis is widely accepted mostly by the public in the receiving states. However, there are only few scientific studies aiming to verify the hypothesis. With missing evidence that would confirm or deny the theory, securitization of the topic in the EU and particularly in Slovakia as a country with limited immigration history raises. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the nexus migration-security more deeply and...

Inequalities and disparities are essential parts of each society. However, the evolution in the first thirty years after WWII finally seemed optimistic in most spatial and social aspects. The last forty years of social evolution have been connected with vast developing polarization. The social dimension of current society is significantly changing not only in our country but also in whole Europe and other parts of the developed world. We live in the era when the demand for social and other securities is increasing...

After the economic crisis, all member states of the European Union have begun to take drastic measures to adjust national economies and to tackle the main problems that have affected and that still affect some countries, such as unemployment and in particular youth unemployment. Romania is one of the European Union countries that still faces this problem, despite the measures taken since the end of 2008. Although youth unemployment fell from 22.4% in Romania in 2014 to 21.7 % in 2015 reaching 2016 at 20.3%, Romani...

The current arguments based on the alleged “unusual size structure” of the Czech agriculture resulted in regulation by Act No. 395/2009 Coll., on Significant Market Power in the Sale of Agricultural and Food Products and the Abuse thereof and Act No. 50/2016 Coll., amending the Act No. 395/2009 Coll. which was issued on 13 January 2016. The article focuses on the research – when and under what circumstances concentrated economic structure of the Czech agriculture was created. It is the purpose of this articl...

The draft of “The Conception of State Policy in the Religious Sphere for 2017-2020” was developed in Kazakhstan on behalf of the Head of State, but it has not yet been approved by the Parliament. Nevertheless, it is obvious that it will be rubber-stamped, like most other documents initiated by the President. The purpose of this paper is to analyze what changes in the sphere of social relations and, in particular, in the religious situation in the country, this conception embodies. Methodology. In the course of...

In the study of professional choice of a graduate of particular importance are researchers of household strategies in the education sphere. As the household strategies, we consider the effective usage of available resources (economic, social and cultural assets) in reaching the goal. The goal, in this aspect, is defined as the optimal choice of educational and professional paths, taking into account the real possibilities and social benefits. As shown by the results of many sociological types of research when choo...

The article is dedicated to the structural roots of conflicts within modern Russian society. The authors idea is to present consistently the dialectical relationship of economic, political and ideological levels of the order. The article notes that private property is the most important factor of the modern society functioning. It defines social interests and relations, creates the class of owners and generates economic order, which is subsequently legitimized by power structure and ideology. The deformations in e...

During the last couple of months the Republic of Macedonia has been amidst a deep political crisis ever since the leader of the largest opposition party started publishing wiretapped conversations of the highest ranking authorities with the core of the countries government including those from the prime-minister, leaders of the political parties, key ministers and key representatives from within the secret services of the country. The affairs that has to do with many millions of dollars, abuse of power. Corruption...

Ukraine, more specifically the ongoing armed conflict on its soil still attracts a lot of attention. There are still many unanswered questions that might help us understand why conflict started and how long will it last. One of the most important things is to remember that the crisis in Ukraine is multidimensional thus there are many reasons for the current situation and there is no easy solution. In this paper, we mainly concentrate on military issues. The main aim of this article is to find out how deep is the i...

The conceptuality of the term socialism as a very broad and definitely not closed issue in modern political philosophy. The content perspective of our work will therefore be split into three basic parts: introduction of the issue and historical overview of theories, opinions and directions of socialism in the past, presented by the most prominent authors - qualified specialists; in the second part we will focus our attention on many controversial, but also immanent terms closely related to the development of socia...

The goal of the article is to examine and classify fundamental and specific factors of Russian spatial development in the context of increasing efficiency of the state spatial policy. The article gives a comparative analysis and a classification of urbanization processes in the Russian resource regions, points out the factors of urbanization, positive and negative effects of this process. The influence of urbanization processes on inter-regional social-economic asymmetry of regions was investigated by the example ...

After the war in Kosovo, the country declared the independence, and the European UnionВ’s mission after KosovoВ’s independence will be the focus of this paper. The history of the newest state in the Europe and the course of its relations with Serbia over the last century will be reviewed in this paper is well. NATOВ’s intervention, which definitely split Kosovo from Serbia, has created the possibility for the EU mission in the country. One side as if had played a positive role in the region, as is considered by th...

In the article the historical periods of accession and development by the Russian State of outlying lands of North-East Asia, administrative and territorial structure and social and economic parameters of the North-East of Russia as a major macroregion are shown. Its social and economic development during the Soviet era (1917-1990) and in the post-Soviet period (2013-1991) are considered more detailed. Regional characteristics that significantly affect the formation of the structure, efficiency and growth in the e...

The Gypsies are one of the most controversial ethnic groups. Periodically the actions of Gypsies (including their individual representatives) cause such violent surges of discontent that can be settled only by law enforcement authorities. For example, in August 2016 in Ukrainian village of Loschinovka there were pogroms of houses inhabited by Gypsy families, in response to the murder of a local girl by a Gypsy; in March 2016, in Tula village of Plekhanovo enforcement authorities were engaged in connection with the...

Changes in the socio-economic and political environment after 1989, started the process of reform and decentralization of administration. This had a significant impact on the change in the approach to the urban policy formulation. Urban policy in Poland is growing in importance in the implementation of further steps in the process of reforming public administration in Poland. This is widely reflected in the assumptions of strategic documents mainly at the central level of public administration. The hypothesis is b...