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The agronomist Arthur Young wasnВ’t a traditional Grand Tourtraveler. The report of his journey in France and Italy is published inTravels during the years 1787, 1788 and 1789. Undertaken more particularly with a View of ascertaining the cultivation, wealth, resources, and national prosperity of the Kingdom of France. The pages written by Young about the Piedmont are very interesting. His approach to the region was different.Infact, the great Italian cities, their buildings and famous antiquities, seem relegated t...

The Second Vatican Council was followed with concern and with interest in communist countries, especially by those responsible for managing the relationship between State and Church. The works of the Council, its decisions and documents and then the implementation of those documents had the potential to affect and destabilize the religious policies of this regimes declared atheist. The communist regime in Bucharest was no exception and tried that the "aggiornamento" targeted by the Catholic Church would not spread...

In the 1990s post-Soviet countries had to face an immensely unstable economic situation and were bound to cope with all difficulties of social adaptation to the new reality. Proceeded from the fact that an adaptive process often takes long and its fixation in the collective consciousness appears only after two of three generations, the problem of adaptation is worth investigating and thinking over. Moreover, this kind of radical transformation has had a lot of precedents in Russian history that is why the authors ...

The Paralympic movement in Poland was shaped in the 1960s. The first stage of the birth of the Polish Paralympic movement was the establishment in 1961 within the structures of "Start" Sports Association of a committee for physical education and sport of the disabled. The formation of the committee made it possible to build organizational and legal structures and to coordinate and finance sport of people with disabilities at central, regional and local levels. The next stage of the development of the Paralympic mo...

It is interesting to follow the process of modernization in industrial metallurgy of the Ural and how it has been realized for three hundred years of its existence and what characteristic features it has had in each period of its development. However, until recently, there was no common, scientifically accepted historical periodization of the metallurgy industry in the Urals, although a number of authors considered the problem. To the authors questions of the periodization of the history of metallurgy in the Urals...

The period of 1970-1985 became that period of the highest development of the SPhTI. SPhTI was the countryВ’s leading academic institute in the development of scientific areas related to the solution practically significant problems in the promising fields of science and technology. Among these fields the following should be mentioned the theory of alloys and the development of cold-resistant materials; The theory and development of methods for receiving weak optical radiation, methods for amplifying radio signals ...

The victory in the Great Patriotic War was achieved not only due to the military potential of the Soviet Union and fighting on the fronts, but also due to the efforts of the whole society: the situation of socio-economic, political, cultural and leisure spheres played an essential role in winning the victory. At the same time, the emergency war atmosphere inevitably led to the deterioration of living conditions of the entire countryВ’s population, including Southern Russia, where the Stalingrad battle occurred, wh...

Although the most loyal of the socialist satellite states in the 50, a decade later Romania dared to challenge soviet commandments in some crucial moments of the international arena. Among the episodes that characterized the independent impulses of the Romanian foreign policy in the second half of the `60, we can include the Six-Day War, in June 1967. Relying on archive documents, official statements, and media sources of that particular year, we can assert that the Romanian government, its leaders practiced a qui...

The Great Patriotic War demanded an utmost exertion of powers of the whole population of the Soviet Union both in and behind the front lines. This article confirms the hypothesis of unity between the front and rear. All people of the USSR joined their forces to repulse the act of fascist aggression. And small nations, wherever they lived, were not exclusion and contributed to the Victory. New approaches to studying of demographic losses in Yakutia revealed a probable number of people mobilized to the front line, t...

The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of global competitive intelligence development and analyse the competitive environment in Latvia in historical perspective. The development of the market is a lasting historical process that exists in interaction with all the other markets. Competitive Intelligence (CI) obtained its present pattern in the mid-1990s, and, according to Bergeron and Hiller, it was influenced by several factors relating to social experience and historical precedents. In order to...

After the military collapse of Romania, in the Autumn of 1916, the entire country - except a small part of Moldavia, with Ia?i as main city - fell under Central Powers occupation. Dobrudja was invaded by German and Bulgarian troops and divided. Bulgaria take Southern Dobrudja (lost as a consequence of the second Balkan war, from 1913) and the administration of the rest of the province, for a short time, followed by an effective German administration. In the Summer of 1918, after the Treaties of Buftea and Buchares...

Purges of the governmental apparatus became one of the character phenomena of the soviet society in the 1920-es. They acted as a part of the transformation of society by eliminating “class alien” employees from the soviet service. The aim of this study is to estimate a purges scale and to identify how decisions on the “former people” fate were made. The problem is studied on the example of Vladimir region. Research is based on the documents from Vladimir state archive. These documents reflect the implement...

The issue of spreading of radical Islam in East Africa is one of the most important in regionВ’s development trends studies. In this regard, it is quite important to study the genesis, ideological and social background of the most active Islamist groups. Somalia plays key role in this process in East Africa. The spread of radical fundamental ideology in this country was determined by several factors such as specific mentality and social values of Somalia tribes, clan structure of the society, total impoverishment ...

The article shows the changes in the population on the present territory of the Republic of Tatarstan from ancient times to the end of the XIX century. The article pays a special attention to the peculiarities of settlement before including the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state. It was at that time when a constant network of settlements began to emerge on the territory of present Tatarstan. The paper investigates the ethnic aspects of the historical and geographical settlement and identifies the main types of dis...

The historical consciousness of the nation is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Under the historical consciousness in science is understood as system of knowledge, the totality of ideas, views, traditions, rituals, customs, ideas, concepts, on the basis of which representatives of the people form their worldview, ideals, beliefs and value orientations, awareness of their place in the world. The idea of self-government of the Yakut people passed a long historical path - from the entry of Yakutia into the Russi...

Based on the eyewitnesses and contemporariesВ’ memoirs, the paper shows the image of Stalingrad in 1942-1943, when German troops reached the Volga and the city got involved in a fierce battle. The analysis of eyewitnessesВ’ accounts revealed everyday problems of the local population during the occupation. The food problem worsened significantly, food was extremely scarce, the population of the city starved. The paper presents the policy of the occupational authorities in Stalingrad. Most of the city's enterprises ...

The article presents a comparative analysis of the official industrial discourse in the late Imperial and early Soviet periods on the basis of "new political history" methodological approaches. There are different points of view in the historiography on the problem of genetic continuity of the "old" and "new" Russia. The study of production processes of the industrial discourse, its structures and context makes it possible to reveal the continuity of pre-revolutionary and Soviet industrial projects. The external b...

Industrial heritage contains two large components: industrial architecture i.e. buildings, which were used like industrial sites, and techno-technological heritage i.e. technique which was used generally in the 19 th – beginning of the 20 th centuries. The preserving industrial heritage arose before countries of Europe, America and Australia as early as in the 50 – 60s of the last century, during the process of rapid technological changes, when the level of industrial production was being changed. First discus...

Notitae episcopatuum of the Church of Constantinople are some of the most difficult historical documents to interpret. This is due to the fact that none of these old lists of the sees under the Patriarchate of Constantinople is a clean document. In fact, data relating to different historical periods are mixed together in the preserved Notitiae. This is why scholarly consensus in dating the information exposed in these documents does not exist. In this paper, the author offers a new interpretation key for the parag...

The D?browa Basin is a geographical and historical area established in the 19th century and located in southern Poland, with rich sports traditions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present the profiles of sportspeople from the D?browa Basin who in the period of communism won medals for Poland at the Olympic Games. They are competitors born on the territory of the D?browa Basin or in a given Olympic year representing sports clubs, associations and organizations from the area of the Basin. A basic research me...

Based on the original documentary materials of the Croatian State Archives and the analysis of dailies and periodicals, the paper gives an overview of Ustasha war and political propaganda in 1944, on the example of Normandy landings of the Western Allies in the summer of 1944. Special emphasis is given to the consequences of the successful warfare by the Allies on the military and political situation in the Independent State of Croatia, a satellite creation of the Third Reich, as well as on the dominant contents o...

This paper presents the preliminary results of scientific survey on unique social phenomenon – the nomadic way of life of reindeer herders in Yakutia. Main trends of nomadic way of life’ changes in Yakutia were outlined on base of collected archival and published sources, statistical data and field materials. Firstly, the situation with conceptual approaches on nomadic way of life was analyzed. Authors recognize that from the very beginning of the Russian Arctic exploration the lifestyle of nomads was in the sp...

The article presents a brief overview of organisation and activity arrangement of the Soviet Union penal institutions and detention camps for Soviet citizens and foreigners convicted of especially dangerous crimes against the State from historical and legal perspectives. The main source of information used by the authors was provided by the State Archive of the Russian Federation (abbreviated GARF). The authors of the article managed to reconstruct the system of detention places for dangerous state prisoners, whic...

The article is devoted to the category ‘Slavic paganism’ which is very popular in modern culture. The author discovers two main meanings of the term – ‘paganism’ as a scientific and ideological construct which derives from 17th century and ‘pogani’ (heathens) as historiosophical concept in the literature of Old Russia. The last can determine any group of people connected with ‘alien’ environment mostly in religious and cultural sense. Also the concept had a strong socio-political context, that’s why ‘p...

Based on the presently known demographic data for the period of the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945, the author identifies and analyzes the aspects (mobilization to the front, high mortality rate) that have influenced on the change in the population size of the Yakut Republic and also makes a comparison with the respective data concerning the population of Russia and Siberia. The problem of the population size in the regions during wartime was studied by such scientists as V.B. Zhiromskaya, V.V. Alekseev, V.?. Isup...

Government regulation of migration has proved to be very important in periods of wars, military conflicts, natural disasters and technological catastrophes. In this connection, the article is not only of scientific but practical interest. It is dedicated to the historical experience of solving refugeesВ’ problems. The evacuation occurred in the USSR in 1941-1945 was unprecedented in scale and it has remained unique in the world history. The aim of the article is to determine the quantitative and qualitative struct...

The article analyses the key areas of cooperation between Belarus and the states of the African continent, which include a wide range of projects - from joint military-technical enterprises to cooperation in the fields of agriculture and education. The relevance of the research topic due to the fact that the African continent is a prospective region to deepen cooperation in many areas. The efforts of Belarus in this area suggests that there is the interest of the countries in interregional cooperation. Among the m...

This paper identified three academic perspectives for organizational learning studies, which are cognitive perspective, process perspective and capacity perspective. The basic hypotheses, the achievements and problems, as well as the latest trends of organizational learning study under different perspectives were discussed respectively. Based on the analysis of Chinese and English literatures on organizational learning from 2006 to 2015, this paper found that there is not such a general theory of organizational le...

The issue of Russian influence in the Romanian Principalities, one of the most delicate and nebulous, with great emotional impact until today, was often the subject of many spiteful reactions, but unfortunately, only the few truly specialized studies documented and analytical. Political, legal and institutional Russian influence, defined today in the formula „political culture”, it was seen from the angle of positive-negative, without understanding the nature and its role to generate a constant concern and stud...

The article presents the problems of RussiaВ’s foreign policy governance between the February and October revolutions of 1917 in the Russian liberalsВ’ opinion. The liberal opposition supported the government in the main issues of tactics and strategy of the foreign policy activity. One can speak about the identity of positions of the Russian liberals and autocratic government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs on a range of foreign policy issues only in the context of the time period of years 1907-1914. The liberals...

At the beginning of World War II, Hungary was still keeping its neutrality. However, in June 1941, it entered the war against the Soviet Union as a result of urging by the Germans and pushing by the Hungarian military leadership. The government was afraid that Hitler would support the neighbouring states (Romania, Slovakia) in their territorial disputes against Hungary if Hungary did not take part in the war. Hungary did not have any conflict with the Western Powers. In December, 1941, however, Great-Britain procl...

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact and importance of social solidarity in Polish political and socio-economic thought in the period 1918-1939. The article explores the source of the idea of solidarity in Poland, with particular reference to the French and German concepts of social solidarity at the end of the 19th century, as well as the attitude towards them in selected political spheres during the development of regeneration after the period of the partitions of the Polish State. The idea of social ...

In the current unstable international circumstances, the specific features of everyday life during extreme hardship have become an intensively debated issue in European and Russian historiography. In terms of human survival and coping with difficulties, the Second World War, involving the Soviet-German conflict 1941-1945, is among the primary topics for investigation. Furthermore, the emergence of new approaches and the release of declassified war archives have shed new light on the everyday history; the anthropol...

The article examines the relationship between the armed forces of the Russian Empire and film companies in the early twentieth century. It shows the Emperor Nicholas II’s interest in the cinema. The history of A. A. Khanzhonkov’s company, which created the films "Defense of Sevastopol city" and “The Baltic fleet", is shown. The paper gives examples of military people participation in the feature and documentary films. It also shows the role of cinema in promoting the Russian Empire armed forces’ reputation at...

The Cantacuzinos were a very large imperial orthodox family. The complexity of their relations through kinship goes from the Ottoman dynasty through kinship with Orhan to kinship with the family of Aragon. We can say that these kinships anticipate the genealogical tree of the later Corvinus kinships. This aspect must be directly related to the closest CantacuzinosВ’ kinships, namely kinships to the Brankoviches. Brankovich is an old Nemanjic family, still undeterminable. They succeeded in imposing themselves throu...

The occupation of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire holds an important place in the 19th century world history. It great influenced on the arrangement of forces in those times in the world and gave rise to Russian EmpireВ’s advance in the south direction, negative results of which we're still suffering today. The Caucasus War appeared to be hard for the population of this region. Many ethnos faced the threat of physical destruction, and some of them, such as Ubbis, disappeared from history, and over half a millio...

The article is dedicated to finding the main features of the relationship between the church and the government during the first months of the Soviet power based on the analysis of the events in December 1917- January 1918 in Petrograd. That is where started a series of events, that accompanied the decree-laws concerning the church and religion passed by the new government. Based on a wide range of sources, the article shows the beginning of anti-religious persecution the Petrograd church went through, and outline...

The topic of the Holocaust was under an unofficial ban in the USSR. It was not even mentioned in the encyclopedia "The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", which was published in 1985 when Perestroika started. To denote all victims of the Nazi occupation policy in the USSR, the term "peaceful Soviet citizens" was used, without specifying nationalities. Valuable information on the destruction of the Jewish population in the Nazi-occupied territory of Russia can be obtained by studying the documents of war criminal ca...

The article reveals the main stages of the development of political thought in France in the XVII century. Political thought was focused first on the approval of absolutist ideas, and then on justification of the "power" and "grandeur" of the French state. During the second half of XVI - early XVII centuries the ideological suppositions of establishing the hegemonic aspirations of the French monarchy were evolved and later were implemented in the Age of Louis XIV. In the second half of the XVI century, the politic...

The image of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is very popular in the world cinema. You can see Stalin in more than one hundred and thirty films. This is a record compared to other historical figures. How true is Stalin depicted in feature films? How did the trends of the times and the evaluation of society affect the process of creating his image? These questions require study and answer. All films where you can see Stalin can be divided into three categories: 1) "Comedy Stalin"; 2) "Stalin in the episodes"; 3) "St...

With the establishment of Soviet power, there have been changes not only in socio-economic development, but also in the scientific and educational complex of Siberia. In the first half of the 1920s, the academic community of physicists was able to partially realize their ideas about the establishment of a research institute that would unite the efforts of physicists in the region. The article focuses on the study of the specificities of the structure, financial position, main directions and key results of the Inst...

In the USSR, the interaction of the state security bodies and the media was carried out, in the first place, on the initiative of the KGB. Not all journalists had an opportunity to get documents of interest for their work. But when a historian or a newspaperman used in their work information unknown to a wider audience, a case evolved into a cause cГ©lГЁbre. That was an important aspect of the propaganda warfare between the Soviet Union and the West. Active cooperation between the state security bodies and the med...

The present study aims to analyse some of the main aspects of the Italian positivist culture as outlined in the correspondence between Arcangelo Ghisleri and Giulio Andrea Belloni. The relationship of mutual respect and friendship that bound the two exponents of the Italian Republican Party – the first, a geographer and journalist, always Mazzinian and federalist, was among the founders of PRI; the second, jurist and future member of Parliament, was a member of the Republican left and proponent of the thesis of ...

On November 21, 1949, as is well known, due to the approval of Resolution 289 by the UN General Assembly, Italy obtained the Trusteeship Administration of Somalia, a result that finally rewarded the efforts of the government of Rome and, in particular, of the President Alcide De Gasperi and his Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Republican Carlo Sforza. The aim of the Trusteeship was to lead – in a maximum of ten years – Somalia to independence, through a gradual and necessary economic and political emancipation...

There seems to be general agreement that the western military capabilities were more efficient than the Seljuks in the course of the marvelous victories that comprised the First Crusade. This paper focuses on the role of Kilij Arslan I on the warfare between the Seljuk Turks and the Christian forces in Asia Minor during the three main military waves of the First Crusade. Kilij Arslan was the leader of the Turkish forces against the PeopleВ’s Crusade and the first (1096-1099) and second (1100-1101) PrincesВ’ Crusad...

Although the Czech Lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia) have an immense amount of accounting records preserved from the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, historians continue to disagree about which accounting system was used. Prior research indicates that unlike in the countries of Western Europe in particular, double-entry bookkeeping was not in use in the Czech Lands in the given period of time. While some authors support, in line with the neighbouring states, the view that it was single-entry bookkeeping, others...

The history of the organisation of trips to places of Military Glory of the partisans of the Leningrad region is discussed in the article. The very first routes were paved by veterans of the partisan movement. In the 60-70-ies of the XX century the Soviet Party authorities joined in the organization of memorial tourism. For tourists (especially for the young ones) dozens of routes related to the history of the Great Patriotic War were offered. They included not only the familiarization with the places of fighting ...

A hundred years from the onset and deployment of World War I is a special occasion for an in-depth analysis of the tragedy that has been caused by it, both from the perspective of simple people and political and intellectual elites. Thus, the present text proposes an insight into what historians call microhistory, a leaning on the personal dramas of those involved, people who did not have an official position, soldiers, women, children, but also an immersion in the attitude of writers and publicists who were co-op...

This article is devoted to the problem of revealing and interpreting sources of the history of international esoteric organizations in the 20th century, using the example of the Russian Theosophical Society in China. The authors emphasize that in recent years the interest to the problem of the birth and development of the occult currents which are not related to traditional religions is growing in Russia. Last years the religious situation in Russia has changed, the freedom of religion was established in the count...

In the middle of XVIII century the Italian architect Giovanni Battista Borra travelled to Ottoman Empire with the scientific expedition in Levant organized by James Dawkins, John Bouverie and Robert Wood. Progress, knowledge and communication were the goal of the expedition. BorraВ’s task was drawing archaeological sites. The report of his scientific journey is published by Robert Wood in: The ruins of Palmyra otherwise Tedmor in the Desert (London, 1753) and The ruins of Balbec otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria ...