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This paper investigates the enarees, a group of Scythian diviners described by ancient authors as „effeminate” or androgynous men afflicted by a „female disease” sent by Aphrodite-Argimpasa. Drawing on Herodotus, Pseudo-Hippocrates, and other classical sources, as well as comparative evidence from Near Eastern and Indo-Iranian cults, the study examines the religious and symbolic significance of this phenomenon. Rather than a physiological condition, the enarees’ feminization is interpreted as a form of s...

This study aims to trace the ideological transformation from the idea of reforms and autonomy for Armenia to the creation of an independent state, spanning approximately 40 years - from the internationalization of the Armenian Question in 1878 to the signing of the Treaty of SГЁvres in 1920. The research was conducted through the study and analysis of scientific literature, archival materials, published documents, as well as the memoirs of contemporaries. The research materials were covered using the historical-co...

The history of Iceland is characterised by numerous adversities, including natural and maritime disasters, climate-related calamities, crop failures, epidemics, poverty, and other catastrophes. Extensive literature exists on maritime disasters along Iceland’s coasts, particularly major shipwrecks and offshore disasters, which often focus on the sequence of events and the fate of those who survived or perished in their struggle against the sea. Less scholarly attention has been devoted to the impact of such disas...

After an older documentation, which led to the sketching of electoral developments for (more than) seven centuries, we have delved deeper into the issue, at the level of local elections. Thus, starting from the medieval era – more precisely, from the 15th century – we have information, it is true, incomplete, regarding the designation of local leaders. Thus, based on both documents and statistical and fiscal records, we can cover this interval (more precisely, the 14th-18th centuries) with information regardin...

The purpose of this study is to provide a deep and original view of the subject of the Great Spanish Navy and the men who surrounded it in the 18th century, stopping as a culmination at the Emancipation of the United States. The navies of France and Great Britain will also be involved in this. All of this in order to analyse, among other topics, the protonationalisation of Spain in the last third of the 18th century through the Navy or the mentality of the naval officers at that time. For the first part of the tex...

The study discusses how the national liberation struggle of the Balkan peoples contributed to the rise of the idea of autonomy for Western Armenia. The research is based on scientific studies, archival materials, and memoirs of contemporaries, which have been analyzed and illustrated using the historical-comparative method. The liberation struggle of the Balkan peoples and the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 gave Armenians hope that Western Armenia could be liberated from brutal ...

This paper investigates Argimpasa, the Scythian serpent goddess of fertility, divination, and chthonic power. Identified by Herodotus as the Scythian „Aphrodite Urania”, she represents a syncretic archetype integrating Scythian, Greek, and Near Eastern religious traditions. Unlike classical Aphrodite, Argimpasa appears as a telluric, half-woman, half-serpent being, embodying both generative and underworld forces. Her cult involved the enarees, mystical androgynous diviners whose ritualized afflictions were int...

This article examines the emergence and the failed implementation of the idea of Western Armenia’s independence in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution. The study explores the political dynamics, internal and external factors, and the overlooked opportunities that could have shaped a different outcome for the Armenian cause in this critical period. While previous scholarly works have extensively addressed the reasons behind the failure of this initiative, they predominantly interpret the events through the ...

The Napoleonic Era is a complex and exceptional period in the history of Europe and the world. The leader Napoleon Bonaparte has left an ambiguous legacy, still the result of studies and research. In this article we make a comprehensive assessment of the entire period, from the Consulate stage to the rise and fall of the Empire. Thus, we enter the political, economic, social and mentality terrain of one of the most outstanding temporal spaces in the origins of Contemporary History. The task of writing about the Na...

The mission of public administration in the broadest sense of the word is to serve the citizens by fulfilling their demands. On the other hand, in order to fulfill this mission, it must prepare a pool of employees who accept and are able to provide these services ethically. Focusing exclusively on ethics in public administration, this study presents the efforts made by the Albanian governments in reforming the public administration, starting with the government of Ismail Qemali until 1930. This study not only give...

For almost one hundred years, the treasury of the Cathedral of St. Elizabeth in Kosice (Slovakia) has contained a fragment of a richly embroidered Byzantine epitrachil used as a decoration on a newer chasuble. Although it was presented in 1937 at the Prague exhibition В‘Old Art in SlovakiaВ’, no precise, in-depth research had yet been conducted on this object. The character of the artifact required an interdisciplinary approach, which comprised archival, art-historical and restoration research. The latter included...

Starting from intrinsically related realities such as secularization, globalization specific to modernity, postmodernism announces a reinterpretation of historical reality and religious. In response to the tendency to relativize truth and authority, as well as to question the acceptable limits of reason, postmodernism inevitably entails fundamentalist movements of a religious nature in response to crises of social and individual identity, which continue at a different level. specific opposition to the values of mo...

This article discusses the results of an eight-month long ethnographic study conducted among young Old Believers in the city of Daugavpils, Latvia. The aim of the study was to gain a broader understanding of how young people understand culture and their participation in cultural activities. This group is an ethnic and religious minority in Latvia, which is of particular interest because it allows a deeper understanding of the differences in the cultural identity and cultural traditions of young people, in the idea...

The Pandemic Covid 19 profoundly changed the mentality, religious Traditions, inter-human and inter-institutional relationship. The Orthodox Church Romanian, from 26 February 2020, had to respond to the challenges arising from the expansion of the covid pandemic 19, according to its own theology and sacred Traditions, but according to the anti-covid 19 national legislation and sanitary measures. The method used official data published by the state institutions, military orders, presidential decrees, journalistic a...

Without being exhaustive, the present paper aims to analyse the complex developments that involved international conflicts between the Fifties and the early Seventies. At that time, the international relations were strongly marked by the bipolarism and by the opposition between both the Superpowers, United States and Soviet Union, and their respective fields of influence. In the time frame considered, the dynamics included not only the European equilibrium – the most visible theatre of dispute between US and USS...

Object: is to formulate provisions that basically would constitute an integral and consistent view of the role and significance of developing the legal framework for international cooperation in the context of responding to natural disasters. Methods: special historical methods, such as specific historical, comparative historical and chronological methods, as well as historical and legal and complex methods, which allowed to go beyond formal research and study the development of the legal field of the internationa...

Christianity reached the territories inhabited by Baltic and Baltic Finnic peoples (the present-day Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) considerably later than the rest of Europe. The centralization (and thereby also Christianization) process of Lithuania took a different turn, whereas the ethnic groups living in the territory of Latvia and Estonia were baptized in the result of crusades (during the years 1195/1196–1290). Subsequently, a set of feudal lands was established there, known as the medieval Livonia. In the...

The article considers the negative factors of the human impact on the environmental situation during the largest world wars. The analysis of various sources made by the authors resulted in the conclusion that this problem remains underestimated in the scientific community up to the present and enjoys little popularity with historians and ecologists, which leads to the gaps in large environmental studies and modern projects. Unfortunately, today the factor of the adverse impact on the environment is neither a suffi...

Female education is a central topic of the historiographical debate and, particularly for the nineteenth century, it represents an original visual angle to follow the difficult and contrasted path of female emancipation, together with the emergence of the bourgeois class and with others structural changes that occurred in the Italian society in that historical phase. Over the time the affirmation of women's education has proceeded hand in hand with the development of the various societies and, in the western count...

The article is devoted to the history of the mineralogical collection which played a special role in the history of museums of Russian universities. Assembled in Saxony by a chemist and mineralogist Johann Friedrich Henckel and then bought by the owner of several steel factories Akinfy Nikitich Demidov, it was later presented to the Moscow university and then served as the basis of the first Russian university museum. This article reviews the history of the mineral collection before it was sold and explores newly ...

Today there is an increasing interest in reviving folk festivities and outdoor celebrations. At the same time, the attempts of modern society to properly identify and understand the roots of these festivities and celebrations oftentimes resemble a costume show, or a theatrical performance with a new twist, in which once deep and meaningful traditions and rituals, with original historical and cultural significance, are lost, devoid of any meaning to a modern observer or participant. Realia more familiar to modern c...

The Western Piedmont area, where are located the lower Po and Infernotto valleys, is important for intangible heritage, because was the theatre of the main events that took place during the Resistance (September 1943 – April 1945). Consequently, cultural heritage of the community is very conspicuous now. Precisely war diaries, correspondences, video interviews and pictures represent the core of the sources available: part of them is already been published and it is been related to the geography of the territory....

Italy is a country with the centuries-old history, the country which has given the world a lot of great rulers and strategists, politicians and scientists, philosophers and artists. The research is aimed at examining the main directions and priorities of the foreign policy of Italy with Russia. Italy is one of the countries which has special relations with Russia. The fact that Italy prefers involving Russia in the European affairs to containing it doesnВ’t imply its automatic agreement with Moscow on all issues. ...

Orientalism is a doctrine based on the isolation of the East (opposed to the West) as a special cultural, ideological, historical and sociopolitical phenomenon and reference point in the implementation of cultural or political activities, which was started in the colonial era between the 18-th and 19-th centuries. It is divided into three main stages: colonial, post-colonial and the new Orientalism. Orientalism was created by the European world to study the countries of the East in the following directions: direct...

The aim of the article is to analyse the attitude of the Polish Socialist Party – former Revolutionary Faction (PSPfRevFr) towards the Reform camp in the period 1928-1935. This party appeared on the Polish political scene as a result of a split that took place in the Polish Socialist Party (PSP), against the background of party members' attitude towards J. Pilsudski after the coup d'etat he had carried out in May 1926. For two years in the PSP there was a rivalry between two factions, which finally ended with th...

In her paper, the author analyses legal regulations from 17th, 18th and 19th century whose content might point to the life in joint family households. She compares the Vlach Statute, Military Border Rights and the General Military Border Law taking into consideration the inheritance matter and land ownership. From these categories, she draws political causes of forming, long existence and division of joint family households. Moreover, the author analyses joint households in the context of a military society which ...

The article explores the specifics of the work of the Siberian monumentalist V.A. Grigoriev, formed based on a complex interaction of various stylistic approaches. The main methods used are comparative-historical, structural-semantic, iconological and formal analysis. A special role was assigned to the practical definition of the inner design concealed by the artist in various symbolic images. The artistВ’s creative biography is closely connected with the city, distant from the general artistic environment that fo...

The Sibyls and the art of prophecies have played an essential role in history, proving the inclination of the human spirit towards mysticism and the belief of all societies that at the base of any symbolic story is a real event. In the book of Enoch, which describes the making of the world according to the Jewish tradition, often cited by the authors of the New Testament and even by Jesus Christ, it speaks of angels who loved women and married them, making them known the derisory mysteries they knew, the small mys...

The paper illustrates the history of the merchant, banker and entrepreneur, Vito Di Cagno, born from an outstanding family of rich shipowners and merchants of the city of Bari, in the region of Puglia, in the Italian South, and of his extraordinary capacity for socio-economic affirmation in a promising and expansive historical phase of the economy of the southern regions that preceded the First World War, during the Giolittian era. He managed to undertake successful strategies to achieve the control of important s...

The story of Tommaso Astarita is an expression of the passage, made by the few dynamic financial operators of the South, from the ancient regime society to the modern society, implementing in their work the separation between the functions of merchant-entrepreneur-banker, first indistinct. With the General Bank of the Sorrento Peninsula, in fact, one of the first private banking institution was born in the South of Italy, under the legal form of a joint-stock company, able to resist the competition of the big nati...

The problem of adaptation of migrants in receiving countries determines the urgent need to find ways to solve it. The article notes that a special role in the process of rooting foreign citizens in a new community plays the study and perception of its history, traditions, language, spiritual values. Particular attention is paid to the development of tests as one of the means of testing the acquired knowledge, and the socio-cultural adaptation. The authors analyze the materials of the manuals and the content of the...

In the article the authors studied the activities of the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage in Russia and abroad, they identified the stages of development of this movement both in Russia and around the world. The authors use the methodological techniques and methods adopted in science, use both general scientific, historical and cultural methods. The historians note the features of each of the presented stages and identify the role of individuals and state, regional and scient...

The target of this research is to demonstrate that during the 10th -11th centuries the Hungarian settlement system in Northern Bihor (Bihor County, in Romania) was based on the habitation scheme organized by Avar Empire, in the 8th-9th century. The methodology is based on the new archeological discoveries and contemporaneous etymological results of the naming mode of settlements in the area, compared to the chartered information about the mentioned period. The target of this research is to refute the theory set up...

Christ’s Resurrection, despite its historical evidences available in the New Testament writings, is indeed a rock (gr. ?????, „solid stone”, 1 Cor. 10: 4) for the ones who believe in order to stronger believe, but for the skeptical ones it is a stumblingstone (gr. ?????????, „occasion of apostasy”, Rom. 9: 32), so, in this view, it is of less help in present times in order to prove that Christ’s message is still topical. There is, still, another historical fact that can become an unshakable proof, despite ...

Political stability appears to have returned to the Gambia since the constitutional crisis that confronted the Country following the controversial presidential elections of December 2016. ECOWAS through the indefatigable efforts of the ECOMIG and the resolve of most West African Countries helped to resolve the disputed polls and return normalcy to the small West African nation. The action of ECOWAS in the Gambia has been likened to in scientific literature, political discourse and the media to a military invasion,...

In our study we intend to analyze a part of a hagiographic source, The Life of Saint Niphon, written by Gavril the Protos in 1520 or 1521, and whose main characters are Radu the Great and Neagoe Basarab, two princes who ruled Wallachia at the end of 15th and early 16th centuries. The writing of Gavril the Protos narrates facts from the history of the country from 1504 until 1520, from a perspective that was favorable for prince Neagoe and the Craiovesti family, being an excellent example of using the past as a dev...

While the issue of the regional boyar families during the 15th and early 16th century Wallachia has already been approached, the princely council may yet be seen as a mixed up puzzle. Even if we have most of the pieces, the general picture continues to escape us. In our paper we wish to present the first results of a wider research. The study of the princely council during the reign of Radu the Great (1496-1508), but also with references to the previous reign of Vlad the Monk (1482-1496), his father, and to the on...

During the history, water resources represented, particularly through the big watercourses, the seesaw of grand civilizations. Indispensable factor of life, water brought the enlargement and also decline to the peoples from antiquity. Water management techniques for rural and urban area became during history much diversified instruments. If till some decades ago, water excess removal was focused almost exclusively on quantitative aspects, modern land drainage is part of water integrated management, removing or con...

We should state right from the beginning that this portrait is not very flattering for the head of the Romanian Orthodox Church. All the news, reports and information about Patriarch Justinian create the image of a hierarch responsible for the abdication of the Church in front of the Communists. For Radio Free Europe his Patriarchat, especially in the 50s, is painted all in red being the one who accepted the entire policy of the regime in regard to the Church, that is the Marxist propaganda in the monasteries, red...

A recent investigation of the ecclesiastical organization at lower Danube during the 4th-7th centuries has revealed that a Notitia episcopatuum was drawn up under Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople (520-535), in the first decade of Justinian IВ’s reign (527-565). The aim of the present investigation is to identify the provinces that the metropolitan sees of Sebasteia (in the civil Armenia Prima, then Armenia Secunda) and Melitene (in the civil Armenia Secunda, then Armenia Tertia) were assigned to in that old ...

By the beginning of the XX century in the Russian Empire home beer production was not subject to any taxes and was widely developed among peasants. To large holidays, especially local, village, to weddings peasants always boiled beer in large quantities, but again same only for themselves, not on sale. In the late nineteenth century significantly increased the role of indirect taxes, and above all drink taxes. By the beginning of XX century. Russia had the following indirect taxes: taxes on sugar, matches, oil, to...

This article is devoted to the consideration of one of the most significant problems in the Russian-American relations - Information confrontation. Russia and the United States have different views on the information policy, there are also significant differences in the mechanisms of information impact on the opponent. In this regard, the relevance of the research topic is that in the XI century, along with the forceful methods of resolving conflicts, non-force mechanisms are actively used, which often prove that ...

The Yenisei region is almost entirely the territory of Middle Siberia (the Yenisei basin and some neighboring areas of the Ob basin). Most of the indigenous population of the region in the XVII–XIX centuries was part of the Russian state. In this regard, it is important to trace the historical destinies of indigenous people in the conditions of Russian economic and cultural influences. People of different origins lived here. The most numerous were Turkic-speaking groups – Kyrgyzs, Kachints, Shorts, Chulym-Turk...

The formation of independent Kazakhstan after the collapse of the USSR (1991) led to a change in the language situation, the formation of language policy, and language construction. The most urgent topics in society were the questions of the revival of the vitality of the state language – the Kazakh language; the narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian language; and the transition from Cyrillic to Latin. There was a large number of scientific articles analyzing the language situation of Soviet Kaz...

In the second half of 1918 the Middle East strategy of Germany was entirely connected to GeorgiaВ’s foreign policy after signing the agreement at Poti on May 28, 1918. It was already clear that unleashed aspirations (plan of Turan and strong desire of taking over the south Caucasus) of Ottoman Empire were to finish. Undoubtedly, Germany was against the invasion of the south Caucasus by Turkey. ThatВ’s why Germany demanded from Turkey to stop the further military expansion in Transcaucasia. They recommended Turkish...

The article “Great Patriotic War: mortality and morbidity rates among the Yakut population (Siberia, Russia)” is written to study issues of human losses in the home front – Yakut Republic – in 1941-1945 in comparison with other regions of the country. During the development of the issue the author was guided by principles of the complex approach to the issue studied as the most important condition for the search for the historical truth, overview of events and processes closely related to the certain histo...

A defining characteristic of society in the 20th and the 21th century, in addition to the rapid development of science, technology and social systems, is the attempt to consciously preserve as much as possible of the past and the present for future generations. This article discusses the theoretical background of the heritage creation process and analyses the process based on different levels of society. To recognize something as heritage is to bring along its political, legal, economic and social influences. The ...

The aim of the article is to analyse the role and importance of international issues in shaping the program objectives and political activities of the national workers' party. This movement was created in 1920 by way of consolidation of previously functioning political, professional and social organizations. It took a centrist position on the Polish political scene of the interwar period. Being a democratic movement, it assessed the international situation from this perspective. The issue of Poland's security (esp...

The legal policy of the Russian Empire in XIX – early XX centuries in respect of language relations was aimed at strengthening the state positions of the Russian language in a spirit of European doctrines of Romantic era on the importance of the language in the nation’s consolidation. The basis for criticism of the national policy of the Russian Empire was laid by the Russian liberals and the Polish conservatives in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The most revolutionary-radical character the criticism of R...

The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical basis of the idea of social solidarism proclaimed by Leopold Caro in Poland in the interwar period. Solidarism is for Caro a system different from liberalism and socialism. He contrasted the selfishness characterizing liberalism as well as Marxism and socialist collectivism with an economy for which the overriding values are the person, the common good and the ethical principles present in economic life. Such an approach entailed an interdisciplinary method with...