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NAPOLEON; A REFLEXION: BALANCE OF THE NAPOLEONIC ERA
Abstract
The Napoleonic Era is a complex and exceptional period in the history of Europe and the world. The leader Napoleon Bonaparte has left an ambiguous legacy, still the result of studies and research. In this article we make a comprehensive assessment of the entire period, from the Consulate stage to the rise and fall of the Empire. Thus, we enter the political, economic, social and mentality terrain of one of the most outstanding temporal spaces in the origins of Contemporary History. The task of writing about the Napoleonic Era and Napoleon himself as a soldier and statesman is always a complex task. The period between 1792 and 1815 is a difficult prism with too many edges... Napoleon: Robespierre’s friend; Napoleon, the soldier who hated popular riots. Napoleon: the man who brought archeology to Egypt; Napoleon: the man who exterminated almost three million people in his ambition in battle after battle during his mandates. Napoleon: the man who with his armies unified Italy for the first time in centuries and also liberated Poland from the Russians; Napoleon: the man who destroyed Spain and Portugal with his armies, plunging them into devastation. Napoleon: the man of the great victory of Austerlitz; Napoleon: the man of the tremendous defeat of Waterloo. Napoleon: the man of the transcendental Civil Code; Napoleon, the man who had no qualms about making almost illegal calls to the ranks of the most inexperienced and innocent youth of France and Europe. Ultimately, his complexity makes him, as an individual, the leader who initiated the Contemporary Stage, as well as its political consequences, a multitude of them to date, only that in the present the media and technology are much greater, although The international political values of power in depth maintain multiple survivals. The present study is a documented reflection on the balance of the Napoleonic Era and of Napoleon himself that aims to delve into the most notable consequences of that stage, also stopping at the stage of the Hundred Days and Waterloo. The methods to carry out the research have been the use of published sources and the extensive existing bibliography on the subject, extracting from here our own results, discussion and conclusions.
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References28
For the entirety of this study, see the printed sources: NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º publiée par ordre de l'impereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869; LECESTRE, L., Lettrés inédites de Napoléon Iº, E. H. Paris, France, 1897, t. II, 1810 and 1811. Also see the printed sources: MIOT DE MELITO, Mémoires du comte Miot de Melito, ancien minister, ambassador, conseiller d´Etat et membre de l´Institut, 1788-1815, Michel Lévy, Paris, France, 3 volumes, 1858; JEAN-ANTOINE CHAPTAL, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon, Plon, Paris, France, 1893; FRAÇOIS DE PONTECOULANT, Souvenirs militaires. Napoléon à Waterloo, Dumaine, Paris France, 1866, COMTE DE SÉGUR, Histoire et Mémoires, Firmin-Didot, Paris, France, 1873; ADOLPHE THIERS, Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire, F. D., Paris, France, 1845; CHUQUET, A., 1812. La Guerre de Russie, Hachette, Paris, France, 1912; YORKE, Henri Redhead, Paris et la France sous le Consulat. Les hommes, les institutions, les maeurs, Perrin, Paris, France, 1921; CANBACÉRES, Lettres inédites à Napoléon, Klincksiek, Paris, France, 1973, ISBN: 978-2252014646; TALLEYRAND, Memoires 1754-1815, édités par P.L. et J.P. Couchond, Paris, Plon, 1982, ISBN: 1511536977; LAS CASES, Mémorial de Sainte-Héléne, Flamarion, Paris, France, 1983, 2 volumes, ISBN: 978-2080645654; COMTE BEGNOT, Mémoires du comte Beugnot, 1783-1815, Hachette, Paris France, 2019, ISBN: 978-0461197891.
CHARDINGI, Louis, Napoleón el hombre: una radioscopia de su vida, Edaf, Madrid, Spain, 1989, ISBN: 9788476403549, pp. 46-176, MANFRED, Albert, Napoleón Bonaparte, Globus, Madrid, Spain, 1995, ISBN: 978-8476002957, pp. 37-289, NICHOLLS, David, Napoleon: a biographical companion, ed. ABC-CLIO, London, England, 1999. ISBN: 978-0874369571, pp. 96-278, HORNE, Alistair, El tiempo de Napoleón, Editorial Debate, Madrid, Spain, 2005, ISBN-13, 978-8483066324, pp. 78-286).
CAYUELA FERNÁNDEZ, José Gregorio y POZUELO REINA, Ángel, Trafalgar, el mar en la Era Napoleónica, Círculo de Lectores, Barcelona, Spain, 2006, ISBN 978-84-473-5179-4, pp. 176-205.
NAPOLÉON Bonaparte, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º published by ordre de l'impereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, París, France, 32 volumes, 1858-1869, vol.5, nº4382 (October 10, 1799), pp. 132-145.
CRONIN, Vincent, Napoleón Bonaparte: una biografía íntima, Zeta, Santiago, Spain, 2007, ISBN 978-8496778573, pp. 87-267.
NAPOLÉON Bonaparte, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º publiée par ordre de l´empereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t.6, 1799, pp. 67-158.
For Napoleon's rise to power, it is also worth noting the importance of the Bonparte family and its concept of "political clan", especially the figures of his brothers Joseph and Luciano Bonaparte, very politically active in the post-revolutionary stage. For the entirety of this study, see the complete works of LUCIEN BONAPARTE, Révolution de brumaire ou Relation des pricipaux événements des journées des 18 et 19 brumaire, Carpentier, Paris, France, 1845. Also, JOSÉ BONAPARTE, Mémoires et correspondence politique et militaire du roi Joseph, édités par A. Du Casse, Perrotin, Paris, France, 1855.
YORKE, Henri Redhead, Paris et la France sous le Consulat. Les hommes, les institutions, les maeurs, Perrin, Paris, France, 1921, pp. 235-398, LENTZ, Thierry, Le Grand Consulat (1799-1804), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 1999, ISBN: 978-2818503942, pp. 126-378, BOUDON, Jacques-Olivier, Histoire du Consulat et de l´Empire, 1799-1815, Perrin, Paris, France, 2000, ISBN: 978-2262020057, pp. 267-396.
LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome I : Napoléon et la conquête de l'Europe (1804-1810), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 2002, ISBN : 978-2213613871, pp. 89-245.
For all the above, NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º publiée par ordre de l'impereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t. 12, 1806, pp. 102-378, t. 15, 1807, pp. 56-321, t.17, 1808, 113-387; LECESTRE, L., Lettrés inédites de Napoléon Iº, E. H., Paris, France, 1897, t. II, 1810 and 1811, pp. 147-489; CANBACÉRES, Lettres inédites à Napoléon, Klincksiek, Paris, France, 1973, ISBN: 978-2252014646, pp. 98-256
BOUDON, Jacques-Olivier, Histoire du Consulat et de l´Empire, 1799-1815, Perrin, Paris, France, 2000, ISBN: 978-2262020057, pp. 104-376, LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome II, L'effondrement du système napoléonien (1810-1814), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 2004, ISBN 13: 9782213619446, pp. 168-359, and LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome III : La France et l'Europe de Napoléon (1804-1814), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 2007, ISBN : 978-2213634166, pp. 85-259.
CAYUELA FERNÁNDEZ, José Gregorio y POZUELO REINA, Ángel, Trafalgar, el mar en la Era Napoleónica, Círculo de Lectores, Barcelona, Spain, 2006, ISBN 978-84-473-5179-4, pp. 278-395.
MORENO ALONSO, Manuel Moreno, Napoleón y España, Silex, Madrid, Spain, 2008, pp. 46-352.
LENTZ, Thierry (dir.), 1812, la campagne de Russie, actes du colloque organisé par la Fondation Napoléon, le Souvenir napoléonien et l'université de Paris I, Marie-Pierre Rey et Thierry Lentz (dir.), Éditions Perrin, Paris, France, 2012, ISBN : 978-2262041663, pp. 167-398).
LECESTRE, L., Lettrés inédites de Napoléon Iº, E. H. Paris, France, 1897, t. III, 1812, pp. 245-312.
LENTZ, Thierry (dir.), 1812, la campagne de Russie, actes du colloque organisé par la Fondation Napoléon, le Souvenir napoléonien et l'université de Paris I, Marie-Pierre Rey et Thierry Lentz (dir.), Éditions Perrin, Paris, France, 2012, ISBN : 978-2262041663, pp. 167-398.
CHANDLER, David, Las Campañas de Napoleón, La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid, Spain, 2005, ISBN: 978-8490603260, pp. 356-497, LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome III: La France et l'Europe de Napoléon (1804-1814), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 2007, ISBN : 978-2213634166, pp. 214-365.
LENTZ, Thierry, Le congrès de Vienne. Une refondation de l'Europe. 1814-1815, Éditions Perrin, Paris, France, 2013, ISBN : 978-2-262-03305-7, pp. 245-286.
NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º publiée par ordre de l´empereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t.30, 1815, pp. 34-268.
NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º publiée par ordre de l´empereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t.30, 1815, pp. 34-268.
LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome IV : Les Cent-Jours (1815), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 2010, ISBN: 978-2213638089, pp. 135-279.
CORRIGAN, Gordon, La Batalla de Waterloo, La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid, Spain, 2015, ISBN 9788490603482, pp. 197-265.
CAVALIE MERCER, Alexandria: Journal of the Waterloo campaign / kept throughout the campaign of 1815 (Introducción de Michael Glover), Perter Davies, London, England, 1969, ISBN 13: 9780432093856, pp. 65-232, ADMIN Marck, The Waterloo Companion, The complete guide to history's most famous battle, Aurum Press, London, England, 2001, ISBN: 9781854107640, pp. 46-278, BARBERO, The Battle: A New History of Waterloo, Atlantic Books, London, England, 2005, ISBN: 978-1843543091, pp. 147-389.
FRAÇOIS DE PONTECOULANT, Souvenirs militaires. Napoléon à Waterloo, Dumaine, Paris, France, 1866, pp. 156-389.
TULARD, Jean (ed.), Napoléon à Sainte Hélène, Laffont, Paris, France, 1981, ISBN: 978-2221502327, pp. 276-323.
The reference comes from Lord Byron, before his role in the liberation of Greece and his connection to the mythological process of Napoleon. It is about the mix between the individual and the time.
LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome IV : Les Cent-Jours (1815), Éditions Fayard, Paris, France, 2010, ISBN: 978-2213638089, pp. 135-279.
NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoléon 1º publiée par ordre de l´empereur Napoléon III, Imprimerie impériale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t.21 1812, pp. 65-387, t. 25 1813, pp. 107-254.
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