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NAPOLEON; A REFLEXION: BALANCE OF THE NAPOLEONIC ERA

Jose Gregorio Cayuela Fernandez

First published: 2024https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2024/vs05.10View metrics

Abstract

The Napoleonic Era is a complex and exceptional period in the history of Europe and the world. The leader Napoleon Bonaparte has left an ambiguous legacy, still the result of studies and research. In this article we make a comprehensive assessment of the entire period, from the Consulate stage to the rise and fall of the Empire. Thus, we enter the political, economic, social and mentality terrain of one of the most outstanding temporal spaces in the origins of Contemporary History. The task of writing about the Napoleonic Era and Napoleon himself as a soldier and statesman is always a complex task. The period between 1792 and 1815 is a difficult prism with too many edges... Napoleon: Robespierre’s friend; Napoleon, the soldier who hated popular riots. Napoleon: the man who brought archeology to Egypt; Napoleon: the man who exterminated almost three million people in his ambition in battle after battle during his mandates. Napoleon: the man who with his armies unified Italy for the first time in centuries and also liberated Poland from the Russians; Napoleon: the man who destroyed Spain and Portugal with his armies, plunging them into devastation. Napoleon: the man of the great victory of Austerlitz; Napoleon: the man of the tremendous defeat of Waterloo. Napoleon: the man of the transcendental Civil Code; Napoleon, the man who had no qualms about making almost illegal calls to the ranks of the most inexperienced and innocent youth of France and Europe. Ultimately, his complexity makes him, as an individual, the leader who initiated the Contemporary Stage, as well as its political consequences, a multitude of them to date, only that in the present the media and technology are much greater, although The international political values of power in depth maintain multiple survivals. The present study is a documented reflection on the balance of the Napoleonic Era and of Napoleon himself that aims to delve into the most notable consequences of that stage, also stopping at the stage of the Hundred Days and Waterloo. The methods to carry out the research have been the use of published sources and the extensive existing bibliography on the subject, extracting from here our own results, discussion and conclusions.

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Publication details

Title
NAPOLEON; A REFLEXION: BALANCE OF THE NAPOLEONIC ERA
Authors
Jose Gregorio Cayuela Fernandez
Proceedings
Proceedings of 11th SWS International Scientific Conference on Arts And Humanities - ISCAH 2024
Publisher
SGEM WORLD SCIENCE (SWS) Scholarly Society
Year
2024
Pages
21-38
SWS Citekey
Fernandez202492138
ISSN
2682-9940
ISBN
978-3-903438-12-5
Language
en
Publication type
Proceedings Paper
Proceedings contents
Open official contents
Keywords
Contemporary AgeNapoleonic EraConsulateEmpireWaterloo
References28

  1. For the entirety of this study, see the printed sources: NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? publiee par ordre de l’impereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869; LECESTRE, L., Lettres inedites de Napoleon I?, E. H. Paris, France, 1897, t. II, 1810 and 1811. Also see the printed sources: MIOT DE MELITO, Memoires du comte Miot de Melito, ancien minister, ambassador, conseiller d?Etat et membre de l?Institut, 1788-1815, Michel Levy, Paris, France, 3 volumes, 1858; JEAN-ANTOINE CHAPTAL, Mes souvenirs sur Napoleon, Plon, Paris, France, 1893; FRACOIS DE PONTECOULANT, Souvenirs militaires. Napoleon a Waterloo, Dumaine, Paris France, 1866, COMTE DE SEGUR, Histoire et Memoires, Firmin-Didot, Paris, France, 1873; ADOLPHE THIERS, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, F. D., Paris, France, 1845; CHUQUET, A., 1812. La Guerre de Russie, Hachette, Paris, France, 1912; YORKE, Henri Redhead, Paris et la France sous le Consulat. Les hommes, les institutions, les maeurs, Perrin, Paris, France, 1921; CANBACERES, Lettres inedites a Napoleon, Klincksiek, Paris, France, 1973, ISBN: 978-2252014646; TALLEYRAND, Memoires 1754-1815, edites par P.L. et J.P. Couchond, Paris, Plon, 1982, ISBN: 1511536977; LAS CASES, Memorial de Sainte-Helene, Flamarion, Paris, France, 1983, 2 volumes, ISBN: 978- 2080645654; COMTE BEGNOT, Memoires du comte Beugnot, 1783-1815, Hachette, Paris France, 2019, ISBN: 978-0461197891.

  2. CHARDINGI, Louis, Napoleon el hombre: una radioscopia de su vida, Edaf, Madrid, Spain, 1989, ISBN: 9788476403549, pp. 46-176, MANFRED, Albert, Napoleon Bonaparte, Globus, Madrid, Spain, 1995, ISBN: 978-8476002957, pp. 37- 289, NICHOLLS, David, Napoleon: a biographical companion, ed. ABC-CLIO, London, England, 1999. ISBN: 978-0874369571, pp. 96-278, HORNE, Alistair, El tiempo de Napoleon, Editorial Debate, Madrid, Spain, 2005, ISBN-13, 978- 8483066324, pp. 78-286).

  3. CAYUELA FERNANDEZ, Jose Gregorio y POZUELO REINA, Angel, Trafalgar, el mar en la Era Napoleonica, Circulo de Lectores, Barcelona, Spain, 2006, ISBN 978-84-473-5179-4, pp. 176-205.

  4. NAPOLEON Bonaparte, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? published by ordre de l’impereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 volumes, 1858- 1869, vol.5, n?4382 (October 10, 1799), pp. 132-145.

  5. CRONIN, Vincent, Napoleon Bonaparte: una biografia intima, Zeta, Santiago, Spain, 2007, ISBN 978-8496778573, pp. 87-267.

  6. NAPOLEON Bonaparte, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? publiee par ordre de l?empereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t.6, 1799, pp. 67-158.

  7. For Napoleon’s rise to power, it is also worth noting the importance of the Bonparte family and its concept of “political clan”, especially the figures of his brothers Joseph and Luciano Bonaparte, very politically active in the post-revolutionary stage. For the entirety of this study, see the complete works of LUCIEN BONAPARTE, Revolution de brumaire ou Relation des pricipaux evenements des journees des 18 et 19 brumaire, Carpentier, Paris, France, 1845. Also, JOSE BONAPARTE, Memoires et correspondence politique et militaire du roi Joseph, edites par A. Du Casse, Perrotin, Paris, France, 1855.

  8. YORKE, Henri Redhead, Paris et la France sous le Consulat. Les hommes, les institutions, les maeurs, Perrin, Paris, France, 1921, pp. 235-398, LENTZ, Thierry, Le Grand Consulat (1799-1804), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 1999, ISBN: 978- 2818503942, pp. 126-378, BOUDON, Jacques-Olivier, Histoire du Consulat et de l?Empire, 1799-1815, Perrin, Paris, France, 2000, ISBN: 978-2262020057, pp. 267- 396.

  9. LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome I : Napoleon et la conquete de l’Europe (1804-1810), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 2002, ISBN : 978- 2213613871, pp. 89-245.

  10. For all the above, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? publiee par ordre de l’impereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t. 12, 1806, pp. 102-378, t. 15, 1807, pp. 56-321, t.17, 1808, 113- 387; LECESTRE, L., Lettres inedites de Napoleon I?, E. H., Paris, France, 1897, t. II, 1810 and 1811, pp. 147-489; CANBACERES, Lettres inedites a Napoleon, Klincksiek, Paris, France, 1973, ISBN: 978-2252014646, pp. 98-256

  11. BOUDON, Jacques-Olivier, Histoire du Consulat et de l?Empire, 1799-1815, Perrin, Paris, France, 2000, ISBN: 978-2262020057, pp. 104-376, LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome II, L’effondrement du systeme napoleonien (1810-1814), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 2004, ISBN 13: 9782213619446, pp. 168- 359, and LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome III : La France et l’Europe de Napoleon (1804-1814), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 2007, ISBN : 978- 2213634166, pp. 85-259.

  12. CAYUELA FERNANDEZ, Jose Gregorio y POZUELO REINA, Angel, Trafalgar, el mar en la Era Napoleonica, Circulo de Lectores, Barcelona, Spain, 2006, ISBN 978-84-473-5179-4, pp. 278-395.

  13. MORENO ALONSO, Manuel Moreno, Napoleon y Espana, Silex, Madrid, Spain, 2008, pp. 46-352.

  14. LENTZ, Thierry (dir.), 1812, la campagne de Russie, actes du colloque organise par la Fondation Napoleon, le Souvenir napoleonien et l’universite de Paris I, Marie-Pierre Rey et Thierry Lentz (dir.), Editions Perrin, Paris, France, 2012, ISBN : 978-2262041663, pp. 167-398).

  15. LECESTRE, L., Lettres inedites de Napoleon I?, E. H. Paris, France, 1897, t. III, 1812, pp. 245-312.

  16. LENTZ, Thierry (dir.), 1812, la campagne de Russie, actes du colloque organise par la Fondation Napoleon, le Souvenir napoleonien et l’universite de Paris I, Marie-Pierre Rey et Thierry Lentz (dir.), Editions Perrin, Paris, France, 2012, ISBN : 978-2262041663, pp. 167-398.

  17. CHANDLER, David, Las Campanas de Napoleon, La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid, Spain, 2005, ISBN: 978-8490603260, pp. 356-497, LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome III: La France et l’Europe de Napoleon (1804-1814), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 2007, ISBN : 978-2213634166, pp. 214-365.

  18. LENTZ, Thierry, Le congres de Vienne. Une refondation de l’Europe. 1814- 1815, Editions Perrin, Paris, France, 2013, ISBN : 978-2-262-03305-7, pp. 245-286.

  19. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? publiee par ordre de l?empereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858-1869, t.30, 1815, pp. 34-268.

  20. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? publiee par ordre de l?empereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858- 1869, t.30, 1815, pp. 34-268.

  21. LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome IV : Les Cent-Jours (1815), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 2010, ISBN: 978-2213638089, pp. 135-279.

  22. CORRIGAN, Gordon, La Batalla de Waterloo, La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid, Spain, 2015, ISBN 9788490603482, pp. 197-265.

  23. CAVALIE MERCER, Alexandria: Journal of the Waterloo campaign / kept throughout the campaign of 1815 (Introduccion de Michael Glover), Perter Davies, London, England, 1969, ISBN 13: 9780432093856, pp. 65-232, ADMIN Marck, The Waterloo Companion, The complete guide to history’s most famous battle, Aurum Press, London, England, 2001, ISBN: 9781854107640, pp. 46-278, BARBERO, The Battle: ANew History of Waterloo, Atlantic Books, London, England, 2005, ISBN: 978- 1843543091, pp. 147-389.

  24. FRACOIS DE PONTECOULANT, Souvenirs militaires. Napoleon a Waterloo, Dumaine, Paris, France, 1866, pp. 156-389.

  25. TULARD, Jean (ed.), Napoleon a Sainte Helene, Laffont, Paris, France, 1981, ISBN: 978-2221502327, pp. 276-323.

  26. The reference comes from Lord Byron, before his role in the liberation of Greece and his connection to the mythological process of Napoleon. It is about the mix between the individual and the time.

  27. LENTZ, Thierry, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire, tome IV : Les Cent-Jours (1815), Editions Fayard, Paris, France, 2010, ISBN: 978-2213638089, pp. 135-279.

  28. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, Correspondance de Napoleon 1? publiee par ordre de l?empereur Napoleon III, Imprimerie imperiale, Paris, France, 32 tomes, 1858- 1869, t.21 1812, pp. 65-387, t. 25 1813, pp. 107-254.

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