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The agronomist Arthur Young wasn’t a traditional Grand Tourtraveler. The report of his journey in France and Italy is published inTravels during the years 1787, 1788 and 1789. Undertaken more particularly with a View of ascertaining the cultivation, wealth, resources, and national prosperity of the Kingdom of France. The pages written by Young about the Piedmont are very interesting. His approach to the region was different.Infact, the great Italian cities, their buildings and famous antiquities, seem relegated to...

Sex education is absent in the curricula of Slovak education system, which is no longer sustainable. So far, public and professional debate on the introduction of sex education always ended in irreconcilable attitude of the churches and experts. The result was the unanswered question of sex education in order to avoid further conflicts. Our research focuses on creating the current and relevant concept of unsolved problem of sex education that would be acceptable for all parties in interest. To achieve this goal, t...

The aim of this paper is to explore whether hermeneutical critique is a good method for describing, evaluating, and implementing deliberative democracy. The well-known philosophical direction is critical hermeneutics and key authors of this school of thought include Jürgen Habermas, Paul Ricoeur and Hans-Herbert Kögler. We want to inquire how they work with critical hermeneutics and we aim to show why it may be better to establish hermeneutical critique in the place of critical hermeneutics. One of our inquiring a...

The article focuses on the research of the Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy concerning the conceptional understanding of peace in the Antique ages. Theses of the brilliant Greek and Roman philosophers like Heraclitus, Xenophon, Aristotle, Socrates, Cicero, Polybius, and Marcus Aurelius are being analyzed and introduced as the arguments for the conclusions which demonstrate crucial points of vision of peace not only for ancient philosophers, but for the ancient people on the whole. The topic is both historical an...

The article is dedicated to finding the main features of the relationship between the church and the government during the first months of the Soviet power based on the analysis of the events in December 1917- January 1918 in Petrograd. That is where started a series of events, that accompanied the decree-laws concerning the church and religion passed by the new government. Based on a wide range of sources, the article shows the beginning of anti-religious persecution the Petrograd church went through, and outline...

The article examines the relationship between the armed forces of the Russian Empire and film companies in the early twentieth century. It shows the Emperor Nicholas II’s interest in the cinema. The history of A. A. Khanzhonkov’s company, which created the films "Defense of Sevastopol city" and “The Baltic fleet", is shown. The paper gives examples of military people participation in the feature and documentary films. It also shows the role of cinema in promoting the Russian Empire armed forces’ reputation at the ...

The issue of Russian influence in the Romanian Principalities, one of the most delicate and nebulous, with great emotional impact until today, was often the subject of many spiteful reactions, but unfortunately, only the few truly specialized studies documented and analytical. Political, legal and institutional Russian influence, defined today in the formula „political culture”, it was seen from the angle of positive-negative, without understanding the nature and its role to generate a constant concern and studies...

The article presents a comparative analysis of the official industrial discourse in the late Imperial and early Soviet periods on the basis of "new political history" methodological approaches. There are different points of view in the historiography on the problem of genetic continuity of the "old" and "new" Russia. The study of production processes of the industrial discourse, its structures and context makes it possible to reveal the continuity of pre-revolutionary and Soviet industrial projects. The external b...

The period we live in is commonly referred to as “postmodernity”. Both ambiguities of interpretation and modern age ambivalence of the term on the tapis compelled authors to take its ontology under close consideration by virtue of stating the ideological basis a confluence of multifaceted factors and processes is to be perceived as a unity. Prehistory of a term «postmodernity» and its diverse interpretations of divergence with Modern age ideology are covered in the article. The initial issue of the interpretation ...

Two types of state ideology are analyzed in the article: ideology of totalitarian regimes, which existed in Italy, Spain, Germany, the USSR and China in the 20th century, and modern ideology of the “consumer society”. Both of them result from ideas of the Enlightenment (rule, based on reason, omniparity, freedom and justice) and have common features. The peculiarities of the totalitarian regime, which had a tendency for suppression of dissent, and the so-called “one-dimensional society”, controlling the man as str...

The authors address the current issue of communicative barriers in intercultural social practice that reveals hidden conceptual horizons of the mass and individual consciousness, implicitly represented in the humanitarian discourse, the teaching practice and the choice of communication. The paper deals with the borders of the semantic barriers in intercultural communication connected to the intellectual style and ethic context. The research on human communication barriers in the dynamic conditions of modern societ...

Health is a defining attribute of quality of life and well-being and is a viable and instrumental value conditional on the existence and enforcement of the human characteristics. Health problems are usually addressed as part of issues related to health care. Health care, exactly its functionality operation is in fact considered to be the most important factor affecting the quality of life of citizens in the state. Quality health care depends on whether and how effectively the system works, what ideas justified its...

This paper identified three academic perspectives for organizational learning studies, which are cognitive perspective, process perspective and capacity perspective. The basic hypotheses, the achievements and problems, as well as the latest trends of organizational learning study under different perspectives were discussed respectively. Based on the analysis of Chinese and English literatures on organizational learning from 2006 to 2015, this paper found that there is not such a general theory of organizational le...

In the labyrinth of the Nietzschean interpretations, what is missing is a chapter which investigates Nietzsche's critique of the city of men. This is what the following research sets out to do: to reconstruct – through first-hand reading of the Nietzschean texts and the little bibliography on the topic – Nietzsche's reflections on the everyday rationale of city life. A posthumous note dating back to his early years suggests that Nietzsche had planned a work dedicated to the metropolis as part of the incomplete pro...

The mankind (preliminary – its European integral part) understood the medieval world as the arena where irreconcilable struggle between Good and Evil continuously went on. The main opponents were the Christian philosophy and the heretic ideas, the main battleground – the human soul. As the Christianity conquered the dominating philosophic position, natural scientific knowledge should have been content with its secondary role and all discoveries and scientific theories defied censorship of the Bible. The theories, ...

Based on the original documentary materials of the Croatian State Archives and the analysis of dailies and periodicals, the paper gives an overview of Ustasha war and political propaganda in 1944, on the example of Normandy landings of the Western Allies in the summer of 1944. Special emphasis is given to the consequences of the successful warfare by the Allies on the military and political situation in the Independent State of Croatia, a satellite creation of the Third Reich, as well as on the dominant contents o...

The concern for intellectual integrity appears to be a relatively recent phenomenon in the history of the West. Not ranked among the cardinal virtues of Greek and Christian thought, in spite of some noteworthy prefigurations, it is generally regarded as a modern virtue that belongs to Western history after the dominance of Christianity: it reveals a restructured value system that extends beyond Christianity and its Kantian legacies. Generally, intellectual integrity is defined as a consistent, wholehearted and unc...

On November 21, 1949, as is well known, due to the approval of Resolution 289 by the UN General Assembly, Italy obtained the Trusteeship Administration of Somalia, a result that finally rewarded the efforts of the government of Rome and, in particular, of the President Alcide De Gasperi and his Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Republican Carlo Sforza. The aim of the Trusteeship was to lead – in a maximum of ten years – Somalia to independence, through a gradual and necessary economic and political emancipation, wh...

Criticism of speculative philosophy through the lens of existential communication is a theme that goes through the whole authorship of Danish religious philosopher Soren Kierkegaard; a special attention to it is paid in the works signed by Johannes Climacus. This is one of the reasons why the fore-mentioned works can be employed in researching Kierkegaard’s views on philosophy as method, or rather – his criticism of it. He speaks of the existential communication in the context of several contradictions, e.g. inwar...

The article presents a brief overview of organisation and activity arrangement of the Soviet Union penal institutions and detention camps for Soviet citizens and foreigners convicted of especially dangerous crimes against the State from historical and legal perspectives. The main source of information used by the authors was provided by the State Archive of the Russian Federation (abbreviated GARF). The authors of the article managed to reconstruct the system of detention places for dangerous state prisoners, whic...

The present study aims to analyse some of the main aspects of the Italian positivist culture as outlined in the correspondence between Arcangelo Ghisleri and Giulio Andrea Belloni. The relationship of mutual respect and friendship that bound the two exponents of the Italian Republican Party – the first, a geographer and journalist, always Mazzinian and federalist, was among the founders of PRI; the second, jurist and future member of Parliament, was a member of the Republican left and proponent of the thesis of a ...

The theme of action has to do with issues related to the dynamic of potential acts, hu-man action, agency and so on. It has a long history in philosophy, running through Aris-totle, Thomas Aquinas, René Descartes, David Hume, Johann G. Fichte, Max Weber, John Searle, to mention some famous thinkers on this topic from ancient times to the contemporary epoch. Philosophy of action has had and still has three major speculative interests: (1) the study of human action in connection to general theoretical or specula-tiv...

Why is it possible to reasonably ask ‘How do you loosen a screw?’ while it is not rea-sonable to ask ‘How do you raise your arm?’ For Ricoeur, the exercise of a capacity does not simply result from knowledge. In fact, I do not ‘know’ my body when I am acting: I am able to act; that is all. I am able to do it because ‘I can’. The corporal events ‘I know’ are not what ‘I do’. However, if a paralysed man were to ask the question ‘How do you raise your arm?’, it would have the same meaning and logical argumenta-tive j...

The presented article is an attempt at an analysis of the issue of fanaticism. Looking at the present times, we are left with an idea that fanaticism is not only a serious problem, but a kind of moment in which a modern “to be or not to be” or humanity plays out. Fanaticism has its sources, its roots. It did not come out of nowhere; it is not the invention of Muslims, Christians, the wealthy, the possessed, or the passionate. It is analysed as a social, cultural and ethical phenomenon, as well as a political and r...

In the USSR, the interaction of the state security bodies and the media was carried out, in the first place, on the initiative of the KGB. Not all journalists had an opportunity to get documents of interest for their work. But when a historian or a newspaperman used in their work information unknown to a wider audience, a case evolved into a cause célèbre. That was an important aspect of the propaganda warfare between the Soviet Union and the West. Active cooperation between the state security bodies and the media...

The article is devoted to the category ‘Slavic paganism’ which is very popular in modern culture. The author discovers two main meanings of the term – ‘paganism’ as a scientific and ideological construct which derives from 17th century and ‘pogani’ (heathens) as historiosophical concept in the literature of Old Russia. The last can determine any group of people connected with ‘alien’ environment mostly in religious and cultural sense. Also the concept had a strong socio-political context, that’s why ‘pogani’ could...

The fundamental value that has been brought by postmodernism as a general cultural phenomenon is pluralism. In philosophy, it is implemented as plurality of opinions and attitudes. In the art, it is plurality of styles. Jean-Francois Lyotard showed differences between the modern and postmodern science, namely in the manner of their legitimization. Modern legitimization through the great stories is overcome by post-modern advances in science and technology, accompanied by insurmountable differences and paralogies. ...

The article presents the problems of Russia’s foreign policy governance between the February and October revolutions of 1917 in the Russian liberals’ opinion. The liberal opposition supported the government in the main issues of tactics and strategy of the foreign policy activity. One can speak about the identity of positions of the Russian liberals and autocratic government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs on a range of foreign policy issues only in the context of the time period of years 1907-1914. The liberals s...

In this paper I am going to investigate the influence of Hegelianism in process philosophical theories such as Simondon's Ontogenetic Theory or the dialectical shape assumed by the Systems Theory. First, I will outline the common points between Simondon's philosophy and the Systems Theory, with a particular reference to the concepts of «analogy» and «transduction». I intend to show how these notions lead their respective theories close to Hegel's idea of Being. Second, I will notice that both Simondon and systems ...

The authors of thepaperturned to the topicalissue of the collective memory. It is highlighted that the politics of memory or historical politics is a subject of transformationaccording to the present political discourse. Collapse of the Soviet Unionledto the revision of common history ofthe post-Soviet countries and deepenedthe contradictions in collective memory narratives between the Russian and post-Soviet tradition. It is stressed, that such 'strugglefor the common history' could often serve as a prelude to se...

Nowadays the need to create (or construct) new ethical norms emerges constantly in the spheres of politics, medicine, ecology, demography etc. But can we call normative ethics (i. e. ethics which not only describes and explains facts of the society’s moral life but also postulates certain moral norms and principles) a science? The majority of contemporary logicians will answer negatively. According to them normative ethics cannot be a science since it is impossible to give scientific (logically correct) proof of i...

The humanities are rapidly changing nowadays. Since the late nineteenth century the humanities claimed to follow an own method: ‘hermeneutics’ (Verstehen). This method was different than the methods of the (natural) sciences. While scientists explain nature by way of counting, measurement, and formulating laws, scholars in de humanities try to understand (hermeneutics) particular and unique phenomena – such as texts, artworks, or for instance a historical period – by way of empathy and imagining. However, during t...

Through employing a comparative perspective, major components of the intellectual contribution of Barrington Moore and Max Weber are presented; both of them made a unique contribution to the explanation of the formation of modern nations under capitalist conditions resulting from the interdependence of culture, industrialization and the transformation of social structures. First, Moore's and Weber's reasoning about the emergence of modern capitalism is clarified; while Moore ascribes crucial importance to social d...

The history of the organisation of trips to places of Military Glory of the partisans of the Leningrad region is discussed in the article. The very first routes were paved by veterans of the partisan movement. In the 60-70-ies of the XX century the Soviet Party authorities joined in the organization of memorial tourism. For tourists (especially for the young ones) dozens of routes related to the history of the Great Patriotic War were offered. They included not only the familiarization with the places of fighting ...

Postmodern discourse presented by authors like M. Foucault, J. F. Lyotard, J. Derrida, G. Deleuze, etc., contains the common ground resulting from the development of one line of thought, which advanced from the linguistically-oriented discourse of structuralism, over post-structuralism to postmodernism. The thesis that social relationships and linkages are formed by discourse is an essential prerequisite for understanding the way in which these authors analyse the society. The semiologic version of structuralism i...

From the beginning of his book Le discours de l’action (1977), Paul Ricoeur empha-sised the fact that a ‘philosophy of action’ is not a ‘science of action’. He underlines that the practical ethical dimension is the specific kind of discourse that the question of ac-tion has had since the ancient era in philosophy. The dialectics between the practical dimension both as a ‘physical’ dimension and as an ‘ethical’ dimension have not only been the basis for the rationalisation and differentiation of philosophy in Arist...

The Great Patriotic War demanded an utmost exertion of powers of the whole population of the Soviet Union both in and behind the front lines. This article confirms the hypothesis of unity between the front and rear. All people of the USSR joined their forces to repulse the act of fascist aggression. And small nations, wherever they lived, were not exclusion and contributed to the Victory. New approaches to studying of demographic losses in Yakutia revealed a probable number of people mobilized to the front line, t...

The philosophic doctrine of Immanuel Kant was innovative for its historical period. It harmoniously consisted of both social and political aspects, which could lay the stable foundation for the political stability in Europe for many decades. Unfortunately, his treatise “To the Perpetual Peace” had a vivid tone of social romanticism and political Utopia. Frankly believing in construction of the non-conflictive society based on humanistic and legal principles, the great German philosopher ignored the contradictive t...

Drawing on recent research on Carnap’s academic schooling in neo-Kantianism and Dilthey’s ‘Lebensphilosophie’, this paper attempts to reconsider the precise objectives of the anti-metaphysical program of Carnap and the Vienna Circle. It argues that while the elimination of metaphysical truth through logical analysis of language has become a landmark moment in the history of twentieth-century Western philosophy, far less scholarly attention has been given to Carnap’s elimination of the metaphysical need. This paper...

The discontinuity of matter was originally postulated with an explicit purpose: to demonstrate the reality of movement. However, a deterministic and necessary movement eliminated the possibility of explaining freedom. Epicurus first, and Lucretius later, modified the doctrine of Democritus (founder of Greek atomism) in regard to a very important point, since they both admitted the spontaneous movement of swerving or clinamen of some atoms, as opposed to their stable fall, situating matter between reality and possi...

Philosophy has always strived for understanding the most general principles of human being and knowledge. It has been constituted as a scientific discipline with strictly methodological thinking processes and it has contributed towards the analysis of all knowledge. Although different sciences have separated from philosophy in the course of history and have developed their own methodological systems of recognizing reality and their own self-concepts, they still, up to this day, cannot develop knowledge without bei...

The meaning of confidence between manager and employee get more and more famous in the modern art of leadership. It’s no more enough that an employee gets a fair or good salary in a company, what can secure its employment. Also other factors, same as the environment or the relationship to the supervisor must be positive to bind employees to their companies. But what kind of influence has the factor “confidence” for real? Is it really so important, that leaders have to build up a personal relationship to their empl...

The relationship between philosophy and history covers many topics and their overlapping results in numerous ideas. Surely, it is also due to the fact that philosophy does not repudiate the methods it uses as obsolete. In connection with the history of philosophy it is thus not possible to speak of theories which lost their validity long time ago. Various streams of thought which, in various ways, react to their predecessors were the inhibitors as well as reflections of contemporary historical events. As a result,...

In Late Antiquity, Sicily became a privileged place of religious changes in the Ancient Mediterranean: the south eastern part of the island is the last frontier of the Byzantine Empire, place of last resistance to Islamic domination. The dimension of the sacred is reflected in a specific socio-political organization of the space and is often configured as a “landscape of power”: in this way, some examples of cave churches in the middle of the Island dedicated to the cult of saints, can be explained, many of which ...

In the current unstable international circumstances, the specific features of everyday life during extreme hardship have become an intensively debated issue in European and Russian historiography. In terms of human survival and coping with difficulties, the Second World War, involving the Soviet-German conflict 1941-1945, is among the primary topics for investigation. Furthermore, the emergence of new approaches and the release of declassified war archives have shed new light on the everyday history; the anthropol...

The purpose of the research is to investigate the practices of philosophical communities in Russia within the concept of trading zones and the problem of public philosophy. Our main theoretical framework is the notion of the trading zone, originally developed by Peter Galison to explain intra-scientific collaboration through the coordination of action and belief. In this study, we interpret the concept of trading zones in terms of communications between philosophers and non-philosophers. In so doing, we introduce ...

The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of global competitive intelligence development and analyse the competitive environment in Latvia in historical perspective. The development of the market is a lasting historical process that exists in interaction with all the other markets. Competitive Intelligence (CI) obtained its present pattern in the mid-1990s, and, according to Bergeron and Hiller, it was influenced by several factors relating to social experience and historical precedents. In order to...

There seems to be general agreement that the western military capabilities were more efficient than the Seljuks in the course of the marvelous victories that comprised the First Crusade. This paper focuses on the role of Kilij Arslan I on the warfare between the Seljuk Turks and the Christian forces in Asia Minor during the three main military waves of the First Crusade. Kilij Arslan was the leader of the Turkish forces against the People’s Crusade and the first (1096-1099) and second (1100-1101) Princes’ Crusade ...

The article reveals the main stages of the development of political thought in France in the XVII century. Political thought was focused first on the approval of absolutist ideas, and then on justification of the "power" and "grandeur" of the French state. During the second half of XVI - early XVII centuries the ideological suppositions of establishing the hegemonic aspirations of the French monarchy were evolved and later were implemented in the Age of Louis XIV. In the second half of the XVI century, the politic...

The purpose of the research consisted in finding elements of theArt of Memory in the work of the prominent author of the Second Sophistic. To achieve this purpose wesubjected to the textual analysis one of the most popular works relating to the Second Sophistic: The Imagines of the Elder Philostratus. Since the Renaissance the book was subject of scientific analysis and, at the same time, source ofinspiration for many artists. Weconcentrated only on searching of elements of the Art of Memory in The Imagines. Excep...