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Despite the fact that in recent years there has been accumulated a considerable experience in the theory and practice of promoting Russia as a tourist destination, there has not yet been found a solution for such important tasks as the adaptation of the theme and service content of the Russian tourist product to the expectations of the audience of main target markets, defining the specifics of promotion programs in accordance with national characteristics of cross-regions, the formation of customer loyalty program...

Tour operators are some of the basic components of the formation and development of the tourism sector of the country. However, since 2010, Russia faced an acute problem of bankruptcies tour operators. For four years, 45 companies went bankrupt, and the damage amounted to more than 7 billion rubles, which fell to about 130 thousand people, the beginning of the transformation of the tourist market, and consumers are essentially lost confidence in the producers of tourism services. The article presents the results o...

Increasing economic inequality in a relatively short period is not an isolated phenomenon of some countries, respectively regions, but it is a generally accepted phenomenon of beginning of the 21st century. This phenomenon raises the attention not only of scientists from different fields as well as politicians, policy-makers and citizens worldwide. On various forums and at different levels, are discussed questions relating to the need for identification of purposes as well as of economic and non-economic consequen...

Entrepreneurial labour is considered as a special commodity, the creative characteristics of which fully determine the efficiency of the competitive economy, possibilities for producing goods of high quality and convenient services and scales and tempo of scientific, technical and organizational changes. Any entrepreneurial activity is always entrepreneurial labour, but not every entrepreneurial labour can be registered as entrepreneurial activity. Both the development of the market for entrepreneurial labour, whi...

Innovation became the symbol of the modern society, a panacea for solving numerous problems of the contemporary enterprise. Fascination of innovation can be observed, however is accompanied often by the crisis in the innovation process. Nevertheless, enterprises enter the innovation activities in order to achieve competitive advantages. If innovations are really so important tools, used by entrepreneurs, what is their origin? The article deals with the internal innovative initiatives as a valuable source of its or...

The improvement and modernization of transport or deterioration of transport on the other hand has a direct impact on tourism. The history of tourism and transport provides a clear understanding of this relationship. The transportation can be discussed without taking tourism into consideration but tourism can't flourish without travel. Transportation is an essential part of tourism industry. Due to the improvements of transportation the tourism industry has expanded especially during last years. This paper analyze...

At present, many services companies are joining the ranks of science-intensive national economy sectors, generating various innovations, among them innovations in the spheres of infrastructural, utility, household services, as well as computer, engineering, telecommunications, medical and educational technologies and services. All of the above contributes to the dynamic development of the services sector. In the services sector, a major role is played by the provision of household services to the population. Howev...

The undervaluation of the national currency may lead both to the acceleration of economic growth caused by the growth of the price competitive capability of export and the protection of the internal market, as well as to the emergence of losses in course of devaluation that cannot be compensated by the following economy growth. The Russian ruble demonstrates vulnerability to the shocks at the resource markets, and its deep devaluations are provoked by the drastic falls of oil prices. The analysis carried out in th...

Creation, organization and functioning of tourist routes is the basis of the implementation of the tourist potential of areas and objects. However, in the Russian Federation there wasn't carried a comprehensive and full-scale studies of the condition of the tourist route network yet. To conduct the study used a situational and systemic approaches and methods of mathematics and statistics, survey, comparison, analysis and synthesis, abstraction, induction and deduction [1, 8, 10]. This Article presents the results ...

Nowadays, tourism is one of the most debated topics because of the potential to generate revenue and help local communities to develop. With cheaper transportation costs - both in terms of fuel (especially for air transport) and people's ability to acquire their own car, traveling became more accessible for all categories of population, including young students. This article wishes to outline the profile of students from Spain who travel, by pointing out elements such as: the desire to travel, their experience and...

Unpaid work within households and volunteering result in a considerable part of a national economic output yet these activities are normally not included in the standard economic indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP). The quantification of the volume of unpaid work in Slovakia was done through the use of surveys in Slovak households and subsequent calculations of time spent on unpaid work activities and its valuation in financial terms. The results confirmed some common trends and characteristics of unp...

One of the renowned research models in tourism is T.A.L.C. pattern (Tourism Area Life Cycle) of prof. Richard Butler. The model highlights the direct link between the variable "time" and "number of tourists" who can arrive in a tourist area depending on the development period / age that it has it, by proposing several possible tourism development stages of an area. Based on this model and on the principles of geographical spatiality, this paper aims to promote a new variant of TALC, TASS, which focuses on the chan...

In the article is carried out the general analysis of profit sources and possibilities of growth on the example of regional oil monopolist JSC “Tatneft” basing on authors methodology. For the periods of 2005 - 2013 are also constructed the models of growth with marking an extensive and intensive factors for the purpose of the accounting of their shares in production management.

Rapid developments in information and communication technologies have improved all sort of services, including tourism services. At the same time new technologies can also be used to measure and monitore tourism activities. As tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity through consumpting goods and services in the places visited it is important for destination managers to have a clear understanding of the number of visitors as well as their activity, spendings and duration of the vi...

The purpose of this article is to analyze the Romanian agriculture during the time period 1990-2013. Descriptive statistics was used in order to assess: the surface of arable land, the surface of the cultivated land, the main crops, the exports and the imports. Secondly, trend line function was used to foresee the evolution of the cultivated land of Romania till the year 2020. The results underline the importance of capitalizing the agricultural potential of the country. Romania had an agricultural potential of 6,...

The paper describes various projects of water resources optimizing use including redistribution of a river drain in Russia and in other countries. These projects are considered prerequisites for the water resource market formation. The main factor of the economy advanced ancient civilizations, as well as in modern industrial society, it needs water. After all, the first law of mankind was laws on water. Today providing the population with high-quality water in the world is an important issue. Water like no other n...

For the Slovaks is the period of mass emigration an important chapter of Slovak economic, social and political history. It is a history of courage and creativity, a history of national and social efforts by the members of Slovak nation. According to an official report 170,000 Slovak people immigrated to the United States before 1900 and prior to World War II reached 750,000. Many of these people participated especially in the spiritual life of Catholic organizations and in the Slovak League in America – the nati...

The article presents the whistleblowing regulations in Romania and the gap between what laws state and what is done and known in reality by people in the public sector. The methodology uses comparison, analysis, observation and presents some cases from Romania related to whistle blowers or to cases that could use the regulations that protects whistle blowers. The paper is useful for managers and employees in the public sector dealing with these problems.

There had been quite a specific situation in Hungary during the Horthy Era with regards to the form of government and exercising the power of the head of state. The form of government of country was a constitutional monarchy (Kingdom of Hungary), but there was no king. Instead of a king, an elected regent had fulfilled the function of the head of state. In Europe there was no other precedent for such a situation that the throne had not been occupied for 25 years, while the monarchy had been maintained. At the begi...

The present paper has focused on the situation in Manchuria in 1920s, where Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) was managed by the USSR and China since 1924 on an equal footing. Sino-Soviet cooperation was announced as a new era in international relations, but soon it was discovered that both sides looked at joint management differently. USSR solemnly declared that it had abandoned his privileges in China, but China per-ceived it as a weakness of Russia and aggressively began to expand their rights, used every opportuni...

Matthias Corvinus was a spectacular monarch. Continuing the policy of John Hunyadi, and great political thinker of South East European world, Matthias Corvinus had an important role in the Orthodox world, the Moldo-Wallachian and the Russian one. Matthias Corvinus was the most important person in the pyramid of power in South East Europe in his time. Matthias used a model involving a takeover of power in Hungary, based on three pillars, first, kinship with the Serbian dynasty of the holy martyr king. This is an im...

Any guidebook for tourists travelling around the multinational region presents information about peoples who inhabit the territory. However, the way the information is presented is frequently far from objective. The article studies the peculiarities of the descriptions of native peoples of the Volga Region and the Crimea. The texts of Russian provincial guidebooks in the second part of the ninetieth and the beginning of the twentieth century are the sources of the research. We can identify the existing regional et...

It is well known that the crusades were represented in propaganda as wars wanted by God. In the propaganda sources sometimes we see a slogan that God personally calls people to participate in the crusades. A lot of chronicle accounts describe God's help to crusaders during their expeditions to the East supported by accounts of miracles. At the same time, nobody has noted that the liberation of the Holy Land was probably not the only purpose of the crusades. From the first crusade onward the crusade was expected to...

The research is purposed to explore the role and value of the source-oriented information systems for the modern information environment of historical science. It is aimed to characterize source-oriented information systems as a new type of historical source and meta source; study the possibility of applying new methods and technologies, research practice of preservation, organization, visualization and analysis of historical sources; obtain a new historical knowledge on relevant issues of political and social his...

This article study the problem of unofficial relations within soviet regional elite, existed during twentieth years of XX century. The problem is studied on the example of Vladimir region. Research is based on the documents from Vladimir state archive, studied on the basis of microhistorical approach. The research shows that different informal relations, based on the system of acquaintances grown from mutual work or everyday contacts, at the 1920-es became quite common at soviet province. Useful acquaintances beca...

Mythology, as well as history, is permanently negotiated as a reconstructed context-dependent reality. Throughout the present paper we are providing an interpretative insight into the meanings conferred to popular narratives such as the Ragnarok in the lyrical agenda of bands that are generally inclined to use or misuse Norse elements which can be perceived as milestones for either a self-image or a broader worldview. The reception is explored in terms of the basic components of Pagan music: the idealization of th...

In this work we have used Nikola Vulic'is unpublished manuscripts which is kept at the Archive of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and at the National Library of Serbia. In this work we will attempt to perceive personality of Nikola Vulic, one of the best Serbian researchers and world known historian of ancient period. His new critical approach to sources and strict methodology have made him a paragon for the forthcoming generations of researchers.

During the 18th century, the figure of great rulers such as the tsar Peter the Great of Russia or the king Charles XII of Sweden fascinated Western Europe. As a result, several treatises were dedicated to the two rulers whose paths crossed several times, amongst which Voltaire's Histoire du Charles, roi de Suede, Rouen, 1731 and a work in 6 books by the Greek-origin scholar Antonio Catiforo, Vita di Pietro il Grande, imperador della Rusia, Venice, 1736. These works reached the Romanian principalities (Moldavia, Wa...

The paper regards the subjective dimensions of the historical memory of World War II as represented in Latvian autobiographical writing. The selected authors, Anita Liepa, Sandra Kalniete and Mara Zalite, belong to the generation of children who witnessed the events of the war in the territory of Latvia and its consequences – deportations of Latvian citizens to Siberia in 1941 and the evacuation of Latvian people to Germany in 1944. In their autobiographical narratives they focus on their family story, bringing ...

This article represents an attempt to reconstruct the history of societal forms of organization and development of research in physics on the example of Tomsk Interuniversity Coordination Council and Tomsk Council of University rectors. This research is based on both published and unpublished sources. 1960-1970s became a period of rapid development of scientific-technical progress and groundbreaking research in physics. Main fields and research results are analyzed, an assessment of contribution of Tomsk Interuniv...

Despite the fact that he had renounced the throne several times , because of his love affairs, King Carol II of Romania enjoyed, ever since he had ascended to the throne , on 8 June 1930 – Restoration Day – the full support of the people and of the political class. Without doubt, his love affairs still echoed in their minds. His separation from Elena of Greece, but especially the continuation of his relationship with Elena Lupescu as his partner were details which neither the Romanian nor the foreign press cou...

On the basis of both published and unpublished sources this article reconstructs the history of societal forms of organization of science in Siberia in 1960s. This problem is analyzed through the case study of Tomsk Interuniversity Coordination Council. This council was established in 1967 and became the first in its kind societal form of consolidation of scientists and universities. Further on the all-Union association of university rectors was established on its basis. The article examines causes of emergence of...

Humbert of Romans (OP) was the fifth master general of the Dominicans. Among other things he wrote a treatise on the preaching of the Holy Cross (De predicatione sancte crucis), allegedly in 1266-1268. This is the only known “textbook” for the preachers of the crusades in Palestine, actually preserved in 23 manuscripts and one early printing. Among these manuscripts there is a “short version” with an independent manuscript tradition that had been unknown before. Furthermore, the manuscript tradition is int...

The article examines aspects of the rural world in Bihor County between 1947-1949, covering the last years before the collectivization of the agriculture. Every year of this period has it's own characteristics, but the aproach of these sequences is a complex one, combining technical, administrative and legal details with elements of mentality and people's reactions regarding the evolution of the political landscape. The core of the presentation is composed of details about the agricultural campaingns, the first fo...

The article deals with the issue on the Catholicism and Sunni Islam role in the Italian fascism and German National Socialism ideological coordinate system at the turning point of the Second World War. The methodological procedures of the research constitute a complex approach comprising the components of both rational and civilizational approaches. The theoretical and methodological procedures include system and dialectical approaches based on the principles of logical realism and objectivity. The research has re...

In Hungary, after World War II, a democratic political system was tried to be built. This change meant in the field of culture and education, the society was given the opportunity to self-organisation and self-activity. That was the era of Free-Culture. Earlier, between the two world wars, in the era of the adult education and general education was controlled centrally. Cultural programs were primarily organised by state organs and functionaries. After 1945, however, society took it over. Even in the smallest vill...

The aim of the paper is to study Stuart noblewomen's perception of their social experience and position in society through analysis of the famous female writer M. Cavendish's utopian novel †The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World' (1666). The method of studying women's history through the eyes of women and various forms of their cultural self-representation, including writing, can prove fruitful here. .Close reading of female literature allows us to see women's attitude to their daily routine, t...

Between 6 and 8 of June, 1936, Bucharest hosted the meeting of the three Little Entente heads of state, Edvard Benes- president of Czechoslovakia, Prince Paul, the regent of Yugoslavia and King Carol II of Romania. On this occasion, the three leaders proposed a unique Alliance Pact between France and the Little Entente, directed against any potential aggressor, and at the same time, a unique command of the three armies. In addition, King Carol II and Edvard Benes went on a cruise on the Danube, an event which was ...

Bread is the staff of life. This saying is true for Russia, where bread has always been considered the symbol of wealth and prosperity, and referred to as the gastronomic brand of many Russian cities. Kalach, a round shaped wheat bread, is the representation of Saratov, “bread capital” of the Volga region. This fact was the basis for the city's high status in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century and still forms the image of Saratov. Analysing the local guidebooks and area study materials of differe...

One of not enough studied themes of WWI is the Ententes ambitions and projects about Cilicia during the war. Cilicia is situated on the north-eastern coast of the Mediterranean. It was under Ottoman rule and was included in Adana and Aleppo provinces in the eve of War. It occupied a strategically important position; it was on the way of Berlin-Bagdad railroad, it was rich in minerals and fertile fields. Cilicia was settled with Christian majority. This rich and strategically important region was attracted Great Po...

In this work was done an analysis of the evolution of the attitude towards national minorities in the political thought of the national labor movement in Poland in the years 1920-1937. Attention was focused particularly on the solutions of this problem, proposed by this movement`s activists. The problem was one of the most important internal problems of the Polish State in the discussed period. Complexity of this issue resulted from a large number of national minorities, their big quantity in the population struct...

During the First World War, the Battle of Megiddo (19-25 September, 1918) was decisive on the Palestinian front, and the Turkish army was crushed. After this defeat, the Turks and Germans could not demonstrate an organized resistance. General Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force liberated Lebanon, Syria, and Cilicia from the Turks. The operation had been planned very secretly and organized brilliantly. The cavalry and air force worked together closely during the battle. The Eastern Legion of the French army took...

Geographical terminology due to its active use in business and daily activities is one of the most important components of dialect vocabulary. The study of semantics and semiotics of the nomination of landscapes in the languages of indigenous peoples of the North-East of Russia (on case of Yakutia) provides the ability to compare different representations of the natural world, to identify the dynamics of change in the vision, representation and use of the surrounding landscape. The exploration and development of v...

Frontier interethnic relations take different forms due to many factors defined by a peculiar frontier stage or a phase. There are three frontier stages that differ from each other. They are early frontier, active frontier and postfrontier. One of the markers that can help to mark out a concrete stage of it is a role of interethnic gender relations. They can be presented in various forms, mainly through such terms as acceptance, negation and as a norm. On the early frontier the interethnic marriage is acceptable a...

The paper aims to analyse Leo Tolstoy†s and Fyodor Dostoyevsky's versions of Christian worldview and their impact on both the main streams of Russian religious philosophy and the Western philosophy. Both writers denied two essential ideas of orthodox Christianity: the idea of the radical sinfulness of man and the opposition of the earthly world and the transcendental, divine world (Paradise). In the opinion of Dostoyevsky, Jesus expresses the ideal of the individual human perfection, performed in earthly life; e...

Information presented to readers of guidebooks complies with certain educational, commercial and ideological guidelines. This fact can scarcely be noticed while analysing the materials created in the years of stability, but is clearly observed when studying the data recorded in the years of crucial political and governmental changes or revolutions. The article analyses the transformations taking place in the sphere of tourism in Russia after the Revolution (1917) that occurred due to the new State's doctrines. Rus...

The paper examines the problem of relations between philosophy and authorities in Russia. On several examples its authors demonstrate that prohibition is a universal strategy used by authorities when they have to deal with certain philosophers, or the whole philosophical schools, or even philosophy itself. When the authorities impose a ban on some cultural processes or elements of culture it results in rearrangement of unprohibited elements of culture and profound changes in general. In the introduction we discuss...

The methodology of modern cognitive linguistics faces the urgent question of symbolic means aimed at expressing the knowledge, which is not used directly in specific acts of communication, but still plays an important role in the life of the ethno-cultural community. The article considers a symbol as one of such means, as a linguo-philosophic category that serves to correlate the significant with the designatum, the inner meaning with its external form, the individual with the universal. The aim of research is to ...

The history of happiness in the European Enlightenment is well researched and studied. In eighteenth-century Russia the problem of happiness was also one of the central philosophical issues of the time, as were questions about the meaning of human life and human nature. Nevertheless, the concept of Russian happiness was on the periphery of humanitarian thought. This paper deals with philosophical aspects of happiness presented in eighteenth-century Russian literature; the main goal of the article is to identify th...

The paper analyses the background LotzeВґs philosophy, which influenced the definition of the value. Lotze is primarily the eclectic. He is inspirited by Hegel, Kant, Leibniz but by romanticism and realism. He uses the methodology of philosophy, history, medicine, but also psychology. The results of his eclecticism are so diverse, that after him there was no school of followers. Lotze has not commented, what is the nature of value. Therefore, we do not find the definition of value in the form of the thesis in a pa...