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LOTZE – THE FOUNDER OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF VALUES
Abstract
The paper analyses the background LotzeВґs philosophy, which influenced the definition of the value. Lotze is primarily the eclectic. He is inspirited by Hegel, Kant, Leibniz but by romanticism and realism. He uses the methodology of philosophy, history, medicine, but also psychology. The results of his eclecticism are so diverse, that after him there was no school of followers. Lotze has not commented, what is the nature of value. Therefore, we do not find the definition of value in the form of the thesis in a particular work. We need to create it using a combination of his ideas in a variety of works. The first source, which influenced the concept of values by Lotze, is the psychology and the interpretation of the soul. The soul is able to detect the presence of values using the feeling. It's a strange way of feeling, in which it reveals the sense of values. The soul is able to discover the existence of values with the help of feeling. But it is not able to discover the essence of value. By Lotze we are unable to understand the essence of value as well as by Kant we are unable to know the thing-in-itself. Even though, our perception of the world is comprehensive. The world is whole and true, but it is also a good and beautiful. The world is a whole of sense in which our ghost discovers the value. The principle of the unity of the world is not in the spirit, as by Hegel. The sense of the world and its perfection is an image of God's perfection. Knowledge of the world and its value comes close us to understanding of the perfection of God and his plan. Values are not only the result of our knowledge and evaluation; values are also motives for doing the good. The plan of God offers to man the truth about the world but also the sense and value of his own existence. Lotze looked for a value not only as a quality of the object, but even as the norm, which governs the human reason in deciding. The distinction between values and standards was the key for the next value theory. The understanding of values is tied to the feeling. The feeling of value is not a subjective experience but objective perception of reality. In this way Lotze created a starting point for the development of normative ethics. Lotze understand the value as an original interpretation manВґs experience with world. Thus Lotze laid the foundation for science of spirit (Geisteswissenschaft). Through a combination of individual resources, where Lotze comments the essence of values, the conclusion expressed in Lotze, we can say, that value is a universal and objective guiding principle or animate Ghost, present in all of the truly unique and autonomous parts of experienceable reality.
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