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In this paper, the authors analyzed the prison system of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, as well as the way of achieving the idea of rehabilitation within prisons. By a case study method on selected examples of inmates of the Royal Court prison in Osijek, the authors tested the thesis that prisons could not fully implement the two ways of achieving rehabilitation. The analysis showed that rehabilitation could not be achieved in prisons by way of education. The main role in achieving rehabilitation was taken over by...

In this work the terms prapatti and tawakkul are considered as similar ones in sense and value in the Vai??ava and Sufi religious and philosophical traditions. Both terms mean the condition of self-surrender to God which lead the devotees to the spiritual realization in the scope of the particular tradition. The doctrine of prapatti take a special place in Vai??avism. It origins arise at least from P?ñcar?tra sa?hit?s and religious poetry of the ??v?rs (aprox. 6-10th cent.). It is regarded as the alternative path ...

The Second Sophistic played extremely important role in the history of the Byzantine education. Rhetorical education was based mainly on those textbooks on rhetoric which were created at the time of the Second Sophistic. Works by sophists were used as examples of the Attic style. The fact that the Greek educational tradition was continuous throughout centuries allows us to assume that educational techniques did not undergo essential change during so long time too. On this background the absence of the special sect...

Economic history of the Soviet period needs further study to understand the motivations and actions of the state leaders, as well as the response of the population and public institutions to the ensuing results. Soviet political economy was primarily a tool of ideology. The objective laws of economics were not considered, as reflected in the economic policy of the Soviet state. The Kosygin reform of the 1965 takes a special place among the numerous Soviet reforms. They were preceded by the period of political "tha...

The Russian-language weekly "British Ally", circulating in the USSR since 1942, informed Soviet readers about British military operations, British culture and science, and the joint struggle of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition against Nazi Germany and its allies. In February and March 1945, it covered in detail the course and results of the three-party meetings in Crimea between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. The editorial articles stressed that the conference began with mili...

The article is devoted to the problem of seeking the criterion which can verify individual`s spiritual transformation by means of philosophical conversion on the way of gaining one`s nature. Experience of the unlimited cosmic whole which usually happens with an individual in one`s childhood as a feeling of the cosmic immensity of one`s small motherlandis takenas a criterion. The basis of such experience is declared to be imagination freed from limitation of the discursive totality. As soon as childhood experience ...

This work is devoted to the historical mythology as a new field in social & human sciences. The author examines the causes of appearance and vitality of myths both in traditional, modern and post-modern societies throw the point of situatedness. Medieval pagan studies provide a good example of mythology development. Every period in historiography has its ‘own paganism’ due to socio-cultural peculiarities of contemporaries. In practice all of investigators try to create their reconstructions of pre-Christian belief...

This paper focuses on the relation between the rhetoric of J.-F. Lyotard’s late writings, The Confession of Augustine in particular, as well as the philosophical approach to the human body in the thought of J.-L. Nancy (Corpus), and the imagery of the early seven-teenth century English metaphysical poetry of John Donne and George Herbert. In the poems, the sublime topics and affections are introduced in the contrastive light of the symbols of earthly matters and the carnal mind, as well as the metaphors of precisi...

The article is focused on the issue of evolution of I. Capodistria`s role in Russian Office. The author uses a wide list of published and archival documents and analyzes the reasons Capodistria was invited to the Russian Office, the factors affecting his career growth and his role in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The author applies the method of analogy based on comparing Capodistria`s career and his russian contemporaries. The results of the study revealed that Capodistria was invited to the Russian Diplomatic...

Wittgenstein's views have been considered from different perspectives: from the standpoint of logic, philosophy, methodology of science, theory of mind and, finally, from the standpoint of religion, mysticism and myth. However, they are not so often considered from the perspective of natural sciences. Wittgenstein distinguishes between a name and a word. The name is on the surface, while the word affects emotions, penetrating into life. How deep does it penetrate into reality? This issue can be approached from two...

The article is devoted to the study of communicative practices in the system of science which are revealed through interactions mediated by concepts, attitudes, and texts. A distinction is made between information and cognitive exchange in the practice of scientific communication. The questions of the communication semantics in their connection with the problem of understanding and preconception are related to the actual analysis of interdisciplinary dialogue in science. The study of the problems of scientific dis...

Among many skills characteristic of critical thinking, in our opinion, the ability to work with texts is the most important. Working with texts always implies a dialogue between the reader and the author. Regardless of the period when the text was written, each time it is read it is given a new life. Texts focusing on the same problem can present different eras, positions, and perspectives. Students studying texts become researchers who should be able to compare texts and hold a dialogue taking into account the pe...

The aim of the article is to study the epistemological nature of irony, namely, in identifying irony as a way of human mental activity. The importance of the problem is determined by a number of factors, such as searching the solution of the problem of intrinsical knowledge of reality, of the problem of development, structure, forms and capabilities of human reasoning, as well as of the problem of human creative abilities. The article claims that the nature of irony as a way of thinking is connected with the juxta...

Nietzsche’s various observations about the body undoubtedly represent a fundamental hermeneutic crossroad in the area of the moral reflection on the topic of corporeity. At the same time, the reconstruction of his thought on this delicate subject constitutes a decisive testbed to critically rethink reason, seeking to review its position within the world of the human. The Leitmotif of the body firmly binds to one another Nietzsche’s harsh criticisms of the Western civilisation, which, from Socrates onward, saw the ...

The article dwells upon the peculiarities of economic cooperation of the USSR and the allies during the World War II. After the war had begun, the main task of the Soviet diplomacy was the fastest consolidation of all countries fighting against fascism. One of the priority directions of cooperation was the fastest receiving from the allies of military and economic aid that was supposed to be a significant contribution to the future Victory. The basis of the cooperation between the USSR, Great Britain and the Unite...

The aim of the paper is to study the role of the transport communications of the Southern Russia, especially the railroads, in the initial period of the Great Patriotic war (1941-1942). For Russia, throughout its history, transport and related logistical problems were of significant and sometimes paramount importance. This postulate is characteristic of the period of the Great Patriotic War. The Nazis, who decided in June 1941 to attack the Soviet Union, soon began to face the challenge of supplying their army. Th...

The planners of coastal defenses, starting from the first years of the Unification of Italy, began to concentrate their interest in organizing a major fortification system in some of the main coastal cities characterized by the presence of ports. When around 1910 it was felt that a breaking of relations with Austria would inevitably lead to conflict, the attention was moved to the north eastern border, resulting in an increased activity in assuring the fortification of this border area. The technological innovatio...

The article is devoted to the analysis of Plotinus’ notion of non-being. As a methodological base of the research, a problem-based approach is applied. The world in the Plotinus’ system is hierarchical. There are two opposite extremes in this world, the One and Matter. Plotinus described the One and Matter enabling us to raise the two questions that constitute the problem of non-being. First, is the One non-being? Secondly, is it necessary to recognize matter as non-being? At the same time, the analysis of The Enn...

The modern world has been a witness of the surge in migration processes leading to the various problems. Therefore "migration tension" and its causes became the key issue in the contemporary Russian and European historiography. The article deals with stereotypes of mutual perception that existed between native inhabitants and evacuated people during the Soviet-German conflict of 1941-1945. Stereotypes in this sense are fixed images of local people used as clichés and complicating people's adaptation in the regions...

An intellective and convulsive spirit (in Madura and Cartage, where he attended his secondary studies, and also in Milan, where he attended Platonist circles), Augustine passed from the knowledge of the sensible world to that of the intelligible, irrevocably fascinated by wisdom perceived as a modus vivendi. He aspired to happiness, yet he did not fully understand it until he was able to know himself. By gaining self-knowledge he understood that there is someone, beyond himself, who helped him discover himself as ...

Marxist conception of philosophy is traditionally associated with communism and new principles of economical formations. Of course, social-economic basis is the crucial milestone of the Marxist theory. But if we look a bit deeper into the philosophic concept we will probably notice that one of the main global goals of the whole theory was the establishment of global system of peace, granted by non-conflict potential of international relations. Thus, for Marxism (international relations), the attention is not only ...

In the previous Soviet Union the only and official trend of philosophy was Marxism. After Latvia and other Baltic States regained independence philosophers were free to follow a philosophical trend according to their own scientific interests. Latvian philosophers felt the urge to manifest their intention to regain the true object of investigation of philosophy and mark its origin from the Ancient Greek philosophical thought. With the aim to manifest this intention, a number of philosophers, beginning with the 1990...

Historical facts are not objects. ‘Historical-real’ is constitutively representational and constitutively temporal because it is a process. The question of what is a given truth in history then becomes the dilemma of creating a representative reconstruction of the process of (past) events that is close to the ‘real’ events as they are given in that specific time. Those ‘real’ events have been conceived, represented, lived, created, and narrated. The interweaving of the theory of history and the [cognitive] theory ...

The article introduces the concept of andragogy ethics as a peripheral andragogy discipline. Discussion of this concept is an expression of the interdisciplinary approach (andragogy, ethics and psychology). It justifies the need to study the development of moral character of adults in the contemporary. The concept studies a human being in current global challenges that neoliberal policies are not able to sufficiently cover. Strengthening of ethical and value dimensions as well as influencing adults through andrago...

The paper focuses on the paradox of material implication with the special reference to the Duns Scotus Law associated therewith. The article contains two different proofs of this law. The paper also seeks to evaluate the role of this law in the proof theory and the damage caused to the latter by the multitude of non-classical approaches in logic which call this law into question. The paper also addresses the conditions upon which the statements about empty sets are possible and evaluates the relevance of material ...

The study is aimed to analyze the socio-economic and demographic situation during the period of 1941-1945. The Victory over fascism was achieved at the cost of huge losses. A significant proportion occurred in the Lower Volga region, where at Stalingrad there was a radical change in world war II. The city was completely destroyed. Were lost a significant portion of housing, industrial enterprises, social institutions. In the region significantly reduced the population and changed the age and gender structure of so...

The philosophy of mind concerns much about how novelty occurs in the world. The very recent progress in this field inspired by quantum mechanics indicates that symmetry restoration occurs in the mind at the moment when new creative thought arises. Symmetry restoration denotes the moment when one’s cognition leaves ordinary internalized mental schemes such as conceptual categories, heuristics, subjective theories, conventional thinking, or expectations. At this moment, fundamentally new, original thought may arise....

The cult of the Virgin Mary as the patroness of the Livonian Order played an important role in the history of medieval Livonia. Through the use of different subjects and symbols associated with the Holy Mother, the Order unambiguously declared its claims for the leadership in the region. However, the peculiarities of her worship in the Order’s domain and among its authorities differed greatly. This research is trying to the find those differences. In the work were complexly used general scientific and special hist...

The processes of national self-identification and globalization are closely intertwined in the life of modern society. It is on this basis that their study and understanding should be carried out in correlation. Globalization is a complex set of factors of influence in the modern world, which determine, among other things, the vectors of identification processes. National identity is formed at the boundaries of multiple cultural worlds. The process of national self-identification is a complex and contradictory uni...

This article focuses on the sacred space, on specifics of deploymentand manifestation in the profane world. About hierotopy as a method that allows to study the processes of creation of sacred space and the consciousness of people participating in the process of sacralization. Particular attention is paid to the hierotopic practice of sacralization as the method of transforming profane space into a sacred space. It is accentuatedthe difference between hierophany and hierotopy as two ways of creating a sacred space...

The Russian-language weekly "British Ally", published in the USSR since August 1942, informed Soviet citizens about the course of the Allied military operations. Covering the events of the week and giving an overview of the British press, the newspaper also reported on Nazi crimes in the occupied territories. The change that occurred in World War II in 1943 enabled correspondents to get more comprehensive and reliable information about camps for prisoners of war and concentration camps and publish reports on the h...

Before being subjected to ethnological, historical and psychosocial research, religion – in this case the issues regarding its essence, origin and development – represented a subject of reflection for generations of thinkers, with inherent oscillations and inconsistencies, which could be called the philosophy of religion. [9] In this paper, we discussed the connection between God and the human being, we talked about the human soul that can relate to God through religious feelings and worship. This relationship dif...

This study aims to describe the main musical and aesthetic concepts that define music as a special kind of language. The Ancient Greek doctrine of ethos claims that music is associated with feelings, since it imitates the human voice and expresses one’s state of mind or mood. In the doctrine of the affections music is compared to the art of rhetoric in its ability to affect emotions. So if rhetoric is an art of persuasion, then music is an art of suggestion. Romanticism in its turn declares music the language of f...

The article studies some aspects of commemoration as exemplified by existing monuments, architectural objects of Yakutia devoted to the Second World War. The issue of commemoration has been studied by foreign researchers ?. Halbwachs, P. Nore, A. Megil, J.K. Olick, J. Robbins, G. Mink, L. Neumayer, E.-C. Onken, F. Martinez, K.L. Klein, A. Confino, ?. Assmann as well as by Russian scholars G. Okladnikova, E. Kandaryan, ?.I. Krasilnikova, ?.I. Miller, ?.V. Romanovskaya etc. However, there are no works on commemorati...

Human identity is constitutively ‘historical’, as well as cultural and a narrative. History is the quintessence of us, as human beings that live in a certain epoch and within a certain culture. But because of the fact that this formation and configuration of our personal identity is rooted in historical, psychological and linguistic (Steiner) mechanisms of representation, then by modifying certain representational axes (i.e., modifying culture, narration, lifestyle practices…) not only may we modify the meaning an...

The article reveals the importance of the religious factor in the making of culture; examines the mechanism of interaction of knowledge and will in the formulation of moral imperatives, and also proved the impossibility of social morality in society without religious Absolutes. Culture has hundreds of definitions, the content of which can be clarified as in the context of its correlation with various facets of socio-historical life, and with philosophical categories. Due to the multiplicity of manifestations and g...

Nietzsche's reduction of reason to “practice” of the irrational life, which schematizing chaos, is considered as important aspect of radical turn from classic to non classic European philosophy. Hermeneutic and comparative methods of a history-philosophical research are used. It is shown that M. Heidegger in lectures of 1936?40, which were devoted to F. Nietzsche, actually interprets his genealogy method as some kind of phenomenology reduction. The last allows to find, in the base of conceptual thinking, initial r...

Honor for parents and the institution of the family, which are the basis of rightly functioning world according to holy scriptures of world religions, are in postmodern world going through heavy and long-term crisis. Children and youth are raised in the social environment full of fear, distrust, egocentrism, consumerism and lax values, which are promoted by masmedia and popular personalities. Parents are no more generally considered to be decisive and certain authority for their descendants. Due to the increasing ...

The article addresses the issue of transformations in public consciousness followed by behavioral change in the context where the mature public values are required to be refocused, particularly, during the government's aggressive foreign policy aimed at capturing another country’s territory and resources. Foremost, the tools of military propaganda are discussed in terms of various linguistic means used, from euphemisms to a new language created, although there is a possibility of other means of manipulation, less ...

The paper concerns the analysis of the main concepts of West European tradition of Philosophy, which are the concepts of the other, the subject and the encounter. The research has been inspired by the work of world known indologist Gerhard Oberhammer, particularly the articles ‘Im Angesicht des Anderen. Ramanujas Saranagatigadya. Einwichtiger Text vishnuitisher Religionstradition’ and ‘‘Begegnung’ als Kategorie der Religionshermeneutik’. It is interesting both from historical-philosophical and indological point of...

In the modern humanities one of themes is interpretation of terms, which were used in antiquity for designation of various types of settlements of the Roman empire. The choice of terms by ancient authors depended on many factors: extent of possession of relevant information, terminological tradition, character of the taking place events (in peace or wartime). Article purpose – to study the nature of the of the term a phrourion use in texts the of authors of the 5th century. Methods of research are comparative-hist...

The article is devoted to the original author's conception of development of contemporary nonclassical (postnonclassical) science. According to this model, evolution of science is a unity of two processes: a) a process of discretion, formulation and solving of basic scientific problems and b) a process of reflexive-critical comprehension of results of scientific search and its main stages. Intra-scientific and general cultural reflexion reveals features of self-organization and self-correction (in the terms of Cha...

This article is a reflection of civil defence education as one of basic element of education. The research focuses on the period 1938 – 1951; period between the time before World War II burst out and the time of political changes in the Czechoslovakia. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of education in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. The comparative historical analysis is utilized as the research method on the subject of civil defence education. ...

The trial of the Nazi war criminals who committed their crimes in the North-West of Russia was held in Leningrad in the winter of 1945 - 1946, simultaneously with the trial in Nuremberg. Its course was covered by all the major city newspapers: Leningradskaya Pravda, Smena, and Vecherny Leningrad. The criminal proceedings were attended by journalists, photographers, filmmakers, and newspaper cartoonists. In addition to regular reports on the progress of court sessions in the print media, op-ed articles, and intervi...

Information and communication technologies (ICT) play an important role in the development of modern Russian society. Their fast development together with the convergence of computer systems with different types of communications resulted in the need to reevaluate the perception of these technologies in the spiritual sphere of a human being. This paper analyses the implementation of information and communication technologies into the spiritual sphere of the Russian society. Based on the analysis of statistical and...

In the first part of my paper, I will present the project ‘Petrarch Commentary and Exegesis in Renaissance Italy, c. 1350-c. 1650’ and its provisional research findings. This project, founded for 3 years, starting January 2017, by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, aims to reconstruct the corpus of all the exegetical works on Petrarch’s Italian literary production. This vast and variegated material includes commentaries, academic lectures, glossaries, annotations, and all the other forms of exegetical works...

Modern information technologies keep changing our world and bringing a new quality to it. A new type of culture has emerged – information culture, which reflects the specifics of social relations in a modern society. The paper raises the issue of information culture formation and its impact on the development of personality in the course of information socialization. The paper analyses possible perspectives and consequences of social interaction of people within information culture at the main stages of formation ...

The paper describes the image of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), reflected in school textbooks in contemporary Russia. On the basis of the content analysis the authors highlighted the main components of the image of Russian Orthodox Church during the period under review. First, we analyzed the total amount of pages devoted to the history of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic war in every textbook, we studied and counted the percentage of these pages with ...

The article is devoted not just to historical analysis of the Roman republican structures, but to the revealing of historical backgrounds of the institutes of democracy that we have today. In fact the Romans were the first who established the stable and viable institutes based on democratic principles and able to survive even great civil wars of the late Republic and to transform into effective mechanism of state management during the period of Empire. What was called in the ages of Rome “magistracy” today is call...

The paper dwells on the phenomenon of mass sport in the context of the social history of the Soviet society of the 1920s and 1930s. The sport is a subject of historical reflection attracting more and more attention. The paper analyzes the development of healthy lifestyles, physical culture and sports as a subject of scientific study. The study of the mechanisms of recruitment of participants of sports clubs, teams and societies, the formation of leisure sports practices is the field of the "new" social history of ...