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The tapping is one of the information-technical means, which are regulated by the Slovak criminal procedure law, especially for investigation of most serious crimes like terrorism, organized crime or economic crime. Its meaning is that the getting of evidences is provided from persons, who have relevant information for the criminal procedure in the real time. Their conversation is spontaneous and information, which they are sharing, are not distorted. However, considering the fact that this mean is necessary conne...

Forensic chemistry as a part of forensic science seems to be appreciated by judicial bodies. Nevertheless, relations and cooperation between authorities conducting proceedings and an expert from such complicated and specific field can be very difficult. The group of forensic experts applying chemical analysis methods for evidence purposes in criminal trial in Poland were surveyed within the studies. Types of physicochemical methods used by forensic experts and approaches utilized for presentation of results in opi...

In terms of the economic, historical and structural transformations, the Romanian energy sector has contributed and essentially contributed to the country's development and development process through its profound influence on the quality of life, the competitiveness of the economy, the environment and the climate. To support the expectations of energy consumers, the Romanian energy sector must become more economically efficient, technologically advanced and less polluting for human health and the environment. Rom...

Promoting and developing the energy sector is an essential component of the process of Romania's sustainability. Sustainability in the promotion of the energy sector can be achieved by: building new capacities, upgrading and modernizing the energetic sector, stimulating the increase of internal consumption in the context of energy efficiency, promoting and capitalizing on renewable energy sources, especially geothermal energy. In this context, Romania participates in European projects aimed at promoting and capita...

Social enterprises are a relatively new and expanding field of study. They could be private for-profit, non-profit and hybrid organizations with a social mission that use business approaches to achieve their objectives. They typically function upon a range of laws to govern their creation, day-to-day management, tax arrangements and dissolution. Since social enterprises are in the inter-section of the for-profit and nonprofit sectors, policy makers have, in certain countries, sought to encourage it by creating a c...

In the article authors review rules applicable to international transfers of personal data. With the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union (EU), substantial requirements were introduced by the co-legislators to ensure organisational and technical safeguards of any data processing of EU citizens. These safeguards are crucial to ensure adequate protection of citizensВ’ rights, especially in case of international transfers to the countries outside of the European Union or to ...

Topicality. The 14th of January, 2019, the day of the commencement of authority of the 7th convocation of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia, which draws up the completion of the constitutional crisis and the Velvet Revolution in Armenia, which began in April 2018. The report is focused on the legal features of the constitutional crisis in this context that remains still unknown in this aspect. Aim: to disclose the most significant legal features of the constitutional crisis in the context of the Arm...

The theme of the research is topical in todayВ’s challenges in the fight against terrorism, international crime and in maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states in the context of hybrid war as well as other aggressive activities. The legal framework for emergency regimes has been researched in the aspects of national border security and internal security. The legal analysis method to investigate legal regulation in the field of emergency regimes in Latvia and the EU, the historical method of ...

The topic of the research is topical due to the contemporary challenges of spreading illegal migration, combating international crime, maintaining national sovereignty and territorial integrity in the context of hybrid war and other aggressive activities. The legal framework of the State border of the Republic of Latvia and the Russian Federation is being studied in terms of national border security and national security. The research uses the legal analysis method to study the legal framework of the state border ...

In ideal circumstances, parents are the most devoted advocates for their children. They have first-hand information about the children and take care passionately about the childrenВ’s welfare. Therefore, the law recognizes parents as guardians of childrenВ’s welfare and gives them substantial autonomy in making decision for their children. However, sometimes the actions of well-meaning parents could be a subject of testing limits of parental autonomy. It is especially the case if their actions represent a risk for...

Neurosciences, and in other words that series of disciplines which looks into the neuronal connections of human conduct, over the last few years have increasingly been influencing law, in particular Italian criminal law. This article intends to query the connections between neurosciences and criminal law, also observing a number of applications which have existed in recent years in Italy. On a more general note, neurosciences can be of assistance for ascertaining the impunity or reduced responsibility due to insan...

According to legal provisions laid down in article 1.350 of the Romanian Civil Code, any person bound by a contract must fulfill his obligations under that contract. The creditor is entitled to the full, exact and timely fulfilment of the obligations by the debtor based on the provisions of article 1.516 of the Romanian Civil Code. Also, according to the same legal provisions, unless performance is impossible, the creditor may still request that the debtor be compelled to perform the obligation in kind. As far as ...

The urgency of the problem under consideration is that at present in the country there is a constant improvement, both of the education system and its departmental segment. Therefore, the need to appeal to the historical experience of the formation and development of the Soviet education system is not in doubt. The study of the historical experience of the formation and development of departmental professional education should be considered in the context of the entire educational policy pursued by the leadership ...

Analysis of the problems of the federal structure and new trends in its development are particular importance for Russia. Since the collapse of the USSR, the country has passed a difficult and long way of becoming from Soviet federalism to the modern democratic Federation. This transformation took place against the backdrop of complex and controversial political and socio-economic relations, as well as various crises that encompassed all aspects of social life. The basic principles, fundamental ideas characterizin...

This publication deals with forthcoming amendments expected to be made in the civil law pursuant to proposed draft laws which provide for legitimization of distinctive features or attributes of property rights. In particular, it deals with accrual and termination of property rights for the reasons provided by the Civil Code and respective subordinate laws and regulations; statutory preservation of a list of property rights; disclosure of content and the way property rights are to be exercised in the civil law; enc...

The task of law is not confined to the protection of private and individual rights, but it aims at protecting the public interest, which concerns the interest of the whole country. As a result, the question of who defends the public interest arises. Needless to say, that the state with all its bodies should do this task but, legally speaking, it cannot, as there should be a certain body whose task is to advocate such interest in case they are violated. It should, also, has the right to bring the case to the court ...

The International Labor Organization was founded in 1919 under the Peace Treaty of Versailles (1919). Currently I.L.O. is the main international institution under the aegis of the United Nations that ensures the balance in labor relations between employers and employees. The organization is structured on a tripartite level and consists of representatives of employees, employers and governments, thus ensuring an effective social dialogue. I.L.O. issues two categories of acts, conventions and recommendations. To bec...

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (hereinafter: GDPR) ratified “the right to be forgotten.” The EU legislator has given data subjects a tool that allows to control the processing of personal data, while at the same time it protects their right to privacy. This tool is...

The concern for the environment has become increasingly relevant since the second half of the last century. The principle of sustainable development started to be considered sig-nificant in the environmental legislation around the same time. The evolution of the prin-ciple of sustainable development can be followed through the pronouncements of the in-ternational organizations, first and foremost the United Nations. From the Brundtland Report and the Rio Declaration, to the Paris Agreement and the UN Agenda 2030, ...

In the 1970s negative demographic and economic trends became a burden for fiscal systems of the “Golden age” welfare states. The neoliberal theory responded by cutting social rights, diminishing the scope of services provided by the state and strengthening the market. Values of uniformity and solidarity were replaced with efficiency and profit. Consequently, the sustainability of “pay-as-you-go” pension systems came into question. The measures towards capitalization and privatization differed. This arises ...

The problem of ageing population is increasing. So, the governments in different countries are trying to find some solution of the deficit of the pension systems and so different types of reforms suggest itself. These reforms can be only parametric or can be also systematic. The parametric reform is represented mainly by the increase of the pension age and by the increase of the minimum insurance period. But it needn?t be satisfactory and for that reason a lot of governments in the middle and east Europa were tryi...

The strict preventive measures in the financial sector force money launderers to seek alternative channels for money laundering operations. Unique characteristics of the football sector and sport in general represent alternative means of money laundering than in the sectors traditionally exploited by money launderers. Likewise actions were noticed by some football and European authorities as a starting point of raising awareness of the money laundering risks and establishing implementation of the anti-money launde...

For centuries, the Greek goddess Themis has been a symbol of Western jurisprudence and adjudication. Themis symbolizes not only the Divine law, but also impartiality of judges, weighing of evidence, sword of justice for guilty and most importantly – risk of unfairness. Criminal procedure, like symbol of Themis, above all other branches of law must be shining example of the values of Western jurisprudence. However, in reality criminal procedure in theory and practice has always been the most vulnerable to unfairn...

In September 2017, the European Parliament and the Council adopted the Regulation 2017/1601 establishing the European Fund for Sustainable Development (EFSD), the EFSD Guarantee and the EFSD Guarantee Fund.Because the Regulation EU 2017/1601 is a pretty recent legislative act, to accomplish this juridical task, the bibliography will be represented by European Union legislative acts concerning the domain. The Regulation 2017/1601 is the result of European Union leaders efforts to create a european fund for sustaina...

The discipline on matrimonial property regimes presents significant difficulties for cross-border couples. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee uniformity in the context of law applicable to the matrimonial property regimes, taking into account the peculiarities of the different legal systems of the Member States. In this regard and in order to guarantee legal certainty, spouses must be made aware in advance with respect to the law applicable to a matrimonial property regime. With Regulation No. 1103/2016, the ...

In accordance with Section 88 of the Latvian Criminal Procedure Law, a person who has the right to defence is entitled to refuse a defence counsel. Such refusal shall be allowed only on the basis of the initiative of the person himself or herself; whereas if a person who has the right to defence has expressed a request regarding the participation of a defence counsel, the refusal of a defence counsel may take place only in the presence of the defence counsel. The problem is related to the fact that the police prov...

In Latvia, since October 1, 2005, the criminal and procedure law is in force, in which with the course of time the legal norms are subjected to changes, amendments. Among the institutions, which have been subjected to changes is one of the institutions of criminal and procedure law – the institution of termination of criminal procedure, in particular, the termination of criminal procedure with the exemption of the person from criminal liability. The article examines the essence of the termination of criminal pro...

The direction I chose for my research applicable to the 6th International Multidisciplinary Conference on Science and Arts (SGEM) considers the state of freedom of religion in the 21st century with a concentration on monetary law. I am studying the relationship of religious law and international law in my overall research through analyzing life dynamics such as marriage, divorce, burial, religious holidays, and financial law in different states through 3 religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The internationa...

The Law is made of concepts. Each legal concept contains a bottom layer and preceding philosophic synonym. Each word has its meaning, as a sign which represents an axiom. For this reason, traditionally, legal sciences are averse to polysemy. Therefore, 'adoption' of embryos and 'donation of embryos' are entirely distinct concepts. Moreover, nowadays medically assisted procreation procedures are an answer to numerous issues that touch the lives of an uncountable number of families. However, at the pace that these p...

Currently, there is no particular or unanimously implemented regulation of crypto currency at European Union (EU) level. Crypto currency is a digital asset. From a legal point of view it is considered as a good/service or as a payment instrument. The purpose of virtual currency is to secure financial transactions by using powerful cryptography. Unlike digital payment systems or central bank systems, crypto currencies use decentralized control. However, crypto currencies are used to make global transactions and hav...

Administrative authorities and autonomous administrative authorities are public institutions included in the administrative system of the state. Each of these two types of authorities aim at enforcing laws and ensuring the proper development of the social environment. Administrative and autonomous administrative authorities have a joint purpose; however, they are different through various elements that reflect their very essence. From a time-related perspective, autonomous administrative authorities are legal enti...

This article is focusing on the analysis of the current EU legal instruments which can be used for the protection of the rule of law, their effectiveness and certain limits, as well as proposals de lege ferenda. Especially the procedure contained in Article 7 TEU is designated to deter Member states from the violation of principles of rule of law by a mechanism, which can amount to even the suspension of their voting rights in the Council. Although the fact, that this instrument doesnВ’t imply the judicial procedu...

The aim of the research was answering the question of the possible form of concluding the contract for disposal of shares in a Polish limited liability company when the seller is a partner being a foreign person. The issue of the applicable law in the form of contract for disposal of shares in a Polish limited liability company by a partner who is a foreign person is regulated by Rome I Regulation. The contract concluded between persons who remain in the same at the time of concluding thereof is formally valid pro...

The change of party to the dispute presents an institute that allows one party (either a plaintiff or a defendant) to withdraw from the proceedings in the course of civil litigation, whereas someone else is thereby allowed to enter into the proceedings and replace the former party. For a court to permit the change of party, though, a legal regulation requires that a legal fact, resulting in the transfer or assignment of rights or duties that constitute the cause of action, occurs only after the commencement of the...

In economic relations, the equality of the parties is purely of formal nature at times, especially in the case of entering into the legal relationship with a professional whose capital and information position is implicitly stronger than the position of a non-professional contractual partner. When offering goods and services to the consumers, the entrepreneurs are encumbered with many domestic or supranational duties (for example obligation to provide information). However, the practical examples prove that the co...

As its content itself stipulates, as a rule, the provisions of the Romanian Statute of Civil Servants approved by Law no. 188/1999, republished, do not apply to contractual staff employed in public authorities and institutionsВ’ own bodies and who carry out secretarial, administrative, protocol, management, maintenance-repair, supply and security activities and to other staff categories who do not have public authority prerogatives. Therefore, with regard to contractual staff, the legal relationship developed betw...

Games on chance make important part of the free movement of services within the European Union (hereinafter: EU) internal Market. Due to the development of technology, the online gambling is a fast developing activity in Europe. Since this activity can be provided by the Internet the market of the gambling industry practically doesn’t have physical limits. Different kinds of gambling services often operate across borders and can also operate outside the control of individual EU countries’ national authorities. ...

A common legal framework for immigration and asylum policies in the EU has been formulated as well as common procedure for implementing them by Member States. However, Member States do not always adhere to the EU approach adopting and disposing of common procedure for implementing immigration and asylum policies. Member States seek their national interest first leading to possible incompatibilities of national legislations and administrative practices with EU immigration and asylum regulations even though they are...

Objective of the article is the analysis of the theoretical aspects of research of the procedural actions applied at the criminal case initiation stage and classifications procedural actions on the various bases. The research is based on the dialectical method of studying the procedural actions at the criminal case initiation stage. The main subject of the study is a theoretical understanding of the procedural actions, as well as to evaluation of correlation between the above mentioned category and the allied cate...

Judiciary represents the only way for settling all kinds of disputes in a modern state. The ability of judiciary to settle disputes in a reasonable and acceptable time has become endangered owing to the complication in ways of life and the increasing and overlapped disputes. Consequently, the problem of slow pace of litigation and that of inefficiency of judgments have arisen. These two phenomena are too dangerous and threaten justice. Further; they strip the right of litigation guaranteed by constitution of its v...

Rule of law has been designed as a construction mainly aiming at observing the rights and freedoms of individuals, by protecting them and ensuring general balance where everyone obeys state law and no one is above the law. The amount of legislation, the political power interested in satisfying its own interests, which are frequently in opposition with the general interests of individuals, the shaping of the various groups of interests that try to impose their own will, are harmful factor that endanger the very exi...

This paper aims to define and analyze the theoretical and practical legal framework of the political opposition, through analyzing constitutional norms, political culture and political dialogue as the main factors determining the state and perspectives of the political opposition in the Republic of Macedonia. Political pluralism is the opposite of monism and represents the idea of a peaceful common life of people with different interests, beliefs and lifestyles, recognizing the existing diversity of political inte...

This paper aims to define and analyze the constitutional, legal and practical aspects of political parties through analyzing constitutional and legal norms as the main factors that determine the party system of the Republic of Macedonia. Political parties are the cornerstone of a democratic society and the modern democratic state. Without political parties, there can be no real political mobilization of citizens and articulation of the political interests and needs of the citizens, something that is expressed thro...

Under the conditions of Austro-Hungarian legal regulation, cooperatives had been based on associations which had developed from societies and therefore underwent specific legal regulation that differed from that regarding trading companies. In countries following the continental law based on the Roman law, cooperatives as legal entities have been regulated separately from trading companies. This division has been taken over by the Slovak commercial law as well. However, the Commercial Code as lex generalis of comm...

For some kinds of users, the map is not only the possibility but also the necessity; among these belong people with visual impairments, for which, however, the conventional map is insufficient. The tactile cartography is a part of cartographic science that deals with the creation of maps, plans, globes and other geovisualization products specially made for the perception by touch. Tactile cartography has to significantly simplify the presented reality with regard to the possibility of recognizing symbols on the ma...

Environmental crime, in a large number of cases, is an expression of corporate crime: from this it is evident that action must be taken, not only against the individual responsible for the crime, but also the legal entity, increasingly playing a leading role, since an environmental crime is the result of a corporate policy that fails to safeguard the surrounding environment. In Italy, administrative liability (which actually amounts to criminal liability) of legal entities, companies and associations, including th...

The main objective of habitat is the rationale for and feasibility of differentiating the criminal process from the viewpoint of science and from the standpoint of an applied nature and studies its impact on the efficiency of the process. The article analyzes the theoretical principles of differentiation and investigates features of both complicated and simplified criminal procedure forms. At present the structure of the criminal procedure is complicated, which is determined by the diversityof forms of criminal pr...

This paper explores the role and the place of the customary norms in the international space law – the branch of international public law. The main aim is to analyze current international customary norms from the historical and contemporary point of view and to define perspectives for appearance of new customary norms in international space law. The paper strives to identify whether the current customary norms exist and internationally recognized or not and whether international community is ready for new custom...

Mediation is one of the means of the alternative dispute resolution methods with the participation of one or more mediators who support communication between the parties to the conflict in order to help them reach a friendly solution to their conflict by concluding a mediation agreement. The mediator therefore does not enforce the resolutions, he does not decide the dispute between the parties, because mediation assumes that the parties are able to solve the conflict themselves and are able to judge their individu...

The article is devoted to legal aspects of the Children's Environmental Parliament ac-tivity as of a special form of extracurricular education in Ukraine. Basing on the analy-sis of legislation as well as methodological and other documentation the author analyzes and specifies legal forms of the Children's Environmental Parliament activity. Such forms determine its special place in system of extracurricular environmental and natu-ralistic education. Considering progressive achievements of the Ukrainian environment...