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Introduction: Within the concept of women in the archaic Roman era, the present paper will attempt a believable reconstruction of the passage of the vestal woman figure, subjected to the male “potestas” of the “pontfex maximus” in which Eros was sacrificed to the Civitas due to the blackmail of equal rights, to the recovery of the woman as an object of Christian contemplation. Objective and Method: The aim of this article, through the analysis of recognized sources, is to study the axiom according to which...

From the beginning, through to Antiquity and the Middle Ages, mankind has started from a belief in the existence of a substantial soul. Belief in a spirit substance gradually receded, giving way to a spirit wholly dependent on matter and strictly material causes. The human psyche does not easily adapt to the times, and, despite humanity's breakthroughs and changing conceptions regarding life and the world, the nucleus of magical thinking has continued to exist and manifest itself incongruously relative to modern c...

In plate 141 For the Sexes - the Gates of Paradise, copy D, Blake by asking: “Does thy God O Priest take such vengeance, as this” refers to the story of Count Ugolino as it is described in Dante’s Divine Comedy - Inferno Canto XIII (33). The subject of Blake’s preoccupation is the conflict between the Devourer and the Prolific as it was developed in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell in 1789. The conflict between the adverse forces of life, good versus evil, formed ‘two different kind of philosophies’- as...

The Renaissance is a pinnacle of European humanistic culture that can only be erased from human history at the risk of destroying the very meaning of history. Of the same evidence, however, is the fact that the rinascita was due to a series of political, cultural and social conditions that, emerging from the Italian land, were different in all countries where it was propagated, and almost absent, appearing in short, decorativ spurts, in others. What united them in the most concrete way was the generous idea of hum...

The paper examines Karel van Mander’s consistent descriptions of artistic incompetence, technical mediocrity, and creative failure in Het Schilder-Boeck – or The Book of Painting, first published in Alkmaar 1604 – in the attempt to understand the functionality of his remarks – from an aesthetic, ethical, and pedagogical standpoint – as cautionary tales for apprentices and young patrons. It will be argued that, by establishing a sharp distinction between “excellent masters” and “mediocre painters,вЂ...

Dante Alighieri’s Inferno 28 is the place of the sowers of discord and scandal who are responsible for causing a split within their own communities; among them in the ninth bolge of the eighth circle is Muhammad whose mutilated body represents the division he brought to Christianity. A historical contextualization of the Inferno, however, confirms that the hostility between Christianity and Islam had emerged earlier with the rise of Islam as a political power in the seventh century. This paper examines Medieval ...

This paper aims to give an overview on a starting research process. The research aims to study correlations between the Renaissance Revival garden design in Italy and Hungary. The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is characterized by an urge to seek a definition of national identity and also by Historicism with the revival of former artistical styles all over in Europe. Evoking the Italian Renaissance in Hungary has historical roots and special meanings. Italian models appear in main artworks emerged in Renaissa...

The Renaissance of 19th-century historiography and of every period of intense artistic and intellectual activity called renaissance is characterized by the exploration of cultural heritage that it inherits and its appropriation, conquest, and revival through this exploration. We are referring to the Carolingian renaissance, the Ottoman, the 12th century one, and the Italian Renaissance with its chronological subdivisions and influences. Corresponding renaissances are also recognized in the Byzantine territory. The...

Along with paintings, drawings, and prints representing workshops and studios in sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Europe, written sources also provide important information concerning the different typologies, functions, and organization of the creative and entrepreneurial spaces of the artist in early modern times. These spaces were often the stage of significant social and cultural exchanges with patrons, commissioners, and collectors, in which art-related explorations coexisted with science-oriented exp...

The most prominent period of Hungarian history in arts and science was during the reign of King Matthias (1443-1490). His humanist upbringing, his education and his political successes made him a renowned ruler of his time. In parallel with the emergence of Italian early Renaissance gardens, royal and ecclesiastical gardens were established in the Kingdom of Hungary. The numerous links well characterise and explain the affinity between early Renaissance gardens in Italy and Hungary. Alongside the king's bountiful ...

The general rationale of this article applies to the interest in the visualisation of the historical heritage during the Empire period in France, the trends of retrospectiveism in contemporary art and design, and the need to explore the phenomenon of 'grand style', the idea of which is emerging today in art salons around the world more often. The year 2021 marks the 200th anniversary of the Emperor's death. In this respect, women's costume of the beginning of the XIX century in France is still a relevant research ...

Our endeavour is based on the search for revealing the realities that happened during the Renaissance period in the Italian city-states, starting from their formation and ending up with the fall of these regimes. The Italian Renaissance is a surprisingly well-defined phenomenon in time and space, impacting not only Italian and European culture and civilization, leaving its strong imprint on an entire world. The Italian Renaissance civilization witnessed socio-economic, administrative-political changes of a complet...

In the Renaissance era, the mastery of the organists is increasing, and they are the ambassadors of the increasingly pronounced orientation for instrumental music, supporting and consolidating the instrumentalism. Important organists, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English, etc., offer and promote the solution of instrumental music in the European space. The new trend in the approach of instrumental music develops in parallel with the compositional professionalization. Among the Iberian organists, Pedro Alberto Vil...

Under the influence of the Renaissance humanist trend, the Romanian musical space is experiencing a period of transformation and flourishing in a diverse and effervescent musical landscape. Being under the influence of Western music, the Romanian musical life assimilates and accepts the Renaissance elements in particular manifestation forms, specific to the historical-geographical space of the historical regions known as the Roman Countries (Principalities). For more than two centuries, numerous European countries...

The article analyses advertising discourse with an emphasis on the pragmatic properties of Russian language units belonging to different levels of the language system. The author focuses on the rhetoric impacts made by advertisements on the potential customer. To this end methods of functional linguistics are applied to advertising samples in Russian (given in transliteration and translated into English). Within this framework units of the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of the Russian language are under an...

The study is aimed at revealing the deep meanings inherent in the artwork "Adoration of the Magi" by Leonardo da Vinci with the help of the system of the artistic universalism. The main methods used are comparative-historical, structural-semantic, iconological and formal analysis. A special role was assigned to the practical definition of the inner design concealed by the artist in various symbolic images. On the example of the work-sketch "Adoration of the Magi” is made a comparison of the images with the mytho...

This article summarizes the experience of using testing to assess students' knowledge of engineering disciplines at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. Authors suggest using the matrix of the test, which should be taken into account when drafting tasks in mid-term and final tests to diagnose the academic achievements of students of engineering disciplines. Attention has been paid to the didactic principles of diagnostics of the author's test. The modern requirements for assessing the validity of...

The article deals with a specific form of organizing and providing the information in the sphere of business, in particular, presentation. In the article the author focuses on a communication strategy – this is a term which unveils the principles of speech organizing from the viewpoint of rhetoric and pragmatics. The author, in the article, considers specific rhetorical techniques, which arrange these means so as to enhance the entire quality of a speech by expressing the key ideas and producing a certain logica...

This article deals with the material from two archival Pelym-Russian dictionaries of Mansi language. The dictionaries were disclosed quite recently: the first one, compiled by Father Konstantin Slovtsov in 1905, was found in 2015 in The National Library of Finland; the second one, recorded by Archpriest Simeon Cherkalov in 1783, was found in the National Library of Russia in St Petersburg in 2017. Previously, none of these dictionaries was put into scientific usage. The Pelym dialect is one of the dialects of the ...

In this article the importance of listening skills in effective communication for language students is discussed and the benefits of using audiovisual materials in the teaching of English-as-a-second and foreign-language (ESL/EFL) are considered. To show the effective use of audio podcasts in teaching English for specific purposes a representative sample of undergraduate students of the Degree in Landscape Architecture Education were selected for the study. Data was gathered by means of questionnaires and intervie...

Business communication in English is getting more highlighted in the globalized context, as the English language spreads as the most dominant lingua franca in international business settings. While the volume of studies focused on business communication in various disciplines continues to increase, new strands of research emerge; some approaches are going out of focus. To improve our understanding and offer a more realistic picture of the field of business communication in English, we examined promising trends in ...

This paper focuses on captions for visuals as a specific type of scientific microtext and provides functional, semantic and structural analysis of this linguistic phenomenon in English scientific texts. For our research, we used captions for visuals in monographs and edited volumes, as well as collections of scholarly articles published in the last decades (1990-2010). Papers in scientific journals were deliberately ignored, because in this type of publications authors are generally restricted by the journal style...

The paper is devoted to the study of the French punctuation system development and processes taking place in it currently. The views of researchers, regarding the criteria for punctuation marks and their classification, have been considered. Punctuation (broadly understood) is integrated into a system that includes not only traditional text punctuation marks, but also typographic graphic signs. There is a possibility for expanding the punctuation system of modern French. Contemporary French-speaking authors widely...

A new insight into comprehensive research of rules and cognitive mechanisms of sense interaction within the edges of ongoing cross-cultural mediated communication has been provided by cognitive approach in modern linguistics and translation theory. Specific features and peculiarities within conceptual structuring of lexical units meaning in mediated discourse are of particular interest for investigation in the light of translation norm of adequacy and equivalence, along with speech act efficiency criteria. Our aim...

Cognitive linguistics dealing with cognitive reflection on language considers the categorization and conceptualization as crucial for understanding the words and phrases in the figurative sense. People often use words not at the level of their meanings, but at the level of concepts and conceptual symptoms. The anthropocentric nature of expressing the time or other physical variables is obvious from the expression of the smallest unit of time: “okamih” – word which originated from two words: “mihnutie okomв...

The relevance of the study is determined by several reasons. Firstly, the languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia belong to the category of languages that do not have an ancient written tradition, and the texts of these peoples present a valuable linguistic material that allows to obtain important data, as well as to draw significant conclusions about the specifics of the genesis of linguistic and cultural processes of the relevant ethnic groups. Secondly, in recent years there has been a certain increase i...

Political discourse of social networks (and the discourse of Twitter in particular) exhibits a number of structural and semantic features that differentiate it from other political discourses. Such factors as multimodality, interactivity, immediacy and limitation on the message length affect the communication on Twitter in terms of what communicative strategies are used and how they are implemented. This study explores the linguistic and paralinguistic means employed by US presidential candidates Donald Trump and ...

In today's world the conservation, restoration and study of works of art, of course, is recognised as one of the priority tasks facing the world community. For Russia this problem is particularly acute as dozens of architectural ensembles, monuments, and churches were destroyed during the Second World War. Despite the tremendous work on reconstruction of different artefacts, many masterpieces of ancient Russian art have not yet been restored to an acceptable display condition. In recent decades, work on the recons...

Problems of studying dependence of cognitive processes on language, the concept of language as a key to understanding thinking and knowledge, to solving problems of modern life are presented in the article. The explication of main approaches to the study language philosophy of the twentieth century, analysis of language problems, which received an insignificant degree of researchersВ’ reflexion, is discussed. The authors considered attempts to explain the complexity of modern life through the study of language, in...

Developing intercultural communication competencies in the process of teaching business communication at multicultural workplaces requires competent planning and execution of training programs. This is to enable participants to become efficient users of language and skills in international contexts. Therefore, a variety of ways to develop their international skills and competencies during their studies need to be employed in classrooms. This especially applies to the in-house corporate training settings where need...

The relevance of the subject and the research problem is conditioned by the following needs: (1) in the sociocultural context, to convincingly substantiate the pedagogical effectiveness of the dialogue system of higher professional education; (2) in the theoretical context, to substantiate the dialogical organics of pedagogical discourse, the methodological provisions of the dialogue concept of education, and radically revise the educational goals and results of training professional managers in the face of increa...

The term “pragmatic marker” (PM) is suggested in the article for a certain category of discourse markers (DMs), typically occurring in spoken language, – those which almost completely lack their lexical meaning and do not influence the semantic content of their context; meanwhile, they verbalize the mental process of speech production. Nowadays, there is no unanimity in differentiating categories of DMs in special linguistic literature, so DMs embrace a wide range of heterogeneous subgroups of markers with d...

The paper focuses on modeling the macrostructure of discourse-world of the political event as derived from G20 Leaders’ Declaration and publications united by the theme of 2017 summit. The purpose of the authors is to reveal basic macroframes that are viewed as cognitive ‘pillars’ of discourse world of one of the most crucial political events of the past year – international forum for economic cooperation. The notion of discourse world macrostructure draws on World-Modelling Theory initially inspired by Text-...

In the given article, the lexical units associated with the umbrella concept “clothes” in medieval Germany and its further development in idioms are considered as the material under study. The purpose of the work is to trace the influence of the concept “clothes” on the changes in the lexical composition of the language. According to the authors, this topic is studied insufficiently and may be of interest for further research, with a view to a more detailed understanding of the constituent components of id...

The article raises the problems associated with the abundance of information in the modern prefigurative society, and also formulates the main methodological tasks facing the teacher today, namely: (1) to carefully select educational material, i.e., what must necessarily enter the students’ “knowledge base”; (2) to structure this database in terms of the significance of its contents; and (3) to find cost-effective ways of supplying information. Having substantiated the conclusion that the modern generation is...

The article is devoted to language characters relevant to the area of SMS communication done via cell phones, primarily to the influence of English on German language and the use of English contractions and abbreviations. It gives a brief overview of phenomena that affect the current German language. The main focus is on the influence of English and English abbreviations, which are common for SMS and other forms of modern communication via mobile devices, and on the influence on the language of youths, the so call...

Approaches to teaching English for Academic Purposes in a particular discourse vary from elaborating and creating academic grammar and syntax structures, reading, translating and analyzing academic and scientific papers, listening to conference presentations and university lectures as well as discussing academic and scientific subjects with peers and experts. However, none of the enlisted activities is possible without regular, systematic and laborious vocabulary building, self-discipline and new academic words ac...

This paper examines cognitive structures of the selected proverbs in three languages as well as outlines their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Taking into account their rich cultural context and the ability to reflect the way knowledge and experience are processed and conceptualized, proverbs and their modern modifications are of interest to cognitive linguistics. The comparison of metaphoric models in three languages reveals the coincidence of the cognitive mechanism though cultural scripts tend to vary, but not ...

The elaborate treatment of the issues as the role of ethnic information as well as other information, the contexts of the use of ethnos names – ethnonyms in mass media products, the linguistic presentation of ethnic positive / negative data, their influence on consciousness of information consumers and their functions in press media of any country is considered very topical. Since the role of mass media along with other factors in giving corresponding or conflicting characteristics to interethnic and intercultur...

The aim of the research is to investigate various types of foreign language inclusions in Spanish scientific texts and to make an attempt to identify and categorize them. Foreign language text links are the relations between this particular text and a text corpus in other natural language, between different semiotic systems. Nowadays the world is in the process of constant development: year by year new discoveries are made in all the fields of science. There are also changes in almost every language of the world. ...

The formation of independent Kazakhstan after the collapse of the USSR (1991) led to a change in the language situation, the formation of language policy and language construction. The most urgent topics in society were the questions of the revival of the vitality of the state - Kazakh language, the narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian language, the transition from Cyrillic to Latin. A large number of scientific articles analyzing the language situation of Soviet Kazakhstan and post-Soviet Kazakh...

Ancient Russian fine art is one of the main values of Russian culture, which has long and firmly occupied a worthy place among the world's spiritual universals. The search for ways to recreate the integral type of artistic consciousness – a national and historical one, actualised by modern science - significantly increases interest in various manifestations of this powerful layer of the world cultural heritage, suggesting not only its study and mastering art techniques of old masters, but also preservation for f...

The purpose of this article is to prove the efficiency of innovative technology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, taking into account the specifics of precedent phenomena, i.e., units of discourse, which are understandable without additional explanations. The performed analysis made it possible to distinguish the following groups of precedent phenomena: autoprecedent phenomena (phenomena of the surrounding world); socially-precedent phenomena (known to every representative of a society); nationally-preced...

The article explores lexical-semantic and functional aspects of intercultural professional communication from the perspective of opposing identities exposed in the context of professional communicative exchange effectuated by people of various national backgrounds. In an age of multiculturalism, peoplesВ’ linguistic identity goes hand in hand with their mentality, which is why the study also considers professional language as a component of both general linguistic system and a type of social dialect. For the purpo...

Today society feels urgent need for the experts knowing one or several foreign languages both within daily communication and in the professional sphere in view of rapid process of globalization and informatization of society. Actively developing in the European countries the theory of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) and only starting its movement the process of integration of professional disciplines and foreign languages in Russian higher education is considered as a necessary condition for traini...

It is common knowledge that intonation is not laid over a ready text. On the contrary, intonation forms and accompanies the text on the level of its birth in the speakerВ’s mind. As a result, intonation plays one of the fundamental roles in the process of transferring a thought into external speech. Intonation structure can highlight the semantic significance of textual elements and become a ranging mark in understanding the information structure of the text. Intonation functions by means of prosodic characteristi...

The Bucharest Municipality Pinacotheque is a project that was born through a successive chain of donations supported by a warm spirit of meditation and goodwill. The birth certificate is dated July 19, 1933 and has the signature of the Mayor of that period, Dem I. Dobrescu, which works by affiliation, together with the Municipal Museum, under the institutional trusteeship, as today, the Capital City Hall. Initially, the PinacothequeВ’s heritage consisted of numerous donations of art or movable property from the el...

The research of interethnic interaction in the educational environment is especially relevant given the global academic mobility processes. The universities all over the world enroll international applicants - representatives of different nationalities and ethnic groups, and this tendency is growing. In view of the above, the fundamental problem of the efficient collaboration of the representatives of different nationalities in global universities is highly pertinent. The article focuses on the analysis of the spe...

The article considers the language specificity within the culture of professional communication: the comparative study of verbal and semantic level of professional and business communication allows not only to establish the role of universal and idioethnic in the structure of professional linguistic personality, but also to trace the relationship and the impact of extralinguistic and linguistic factors on the formation process of linguistic identity. The purpose of this study is to identify the most important verb...

The article considers the language specificity within the culture of professional communication: the comparative study of verbal and semantic level of professional and business communication allows not only to establish the role of universal and idioethnic in the structure of professional linguistic personality, but also to trace the relationship and the impact of extralinguistic and linguistic factors on the formation process of linguistic identity. The purpose of this study is to identify the most important verb...