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Today, in the face of the rapidly growing threat of terrorism and extremism, the issue of creating a peaceful international and inter-confessional dialogue acquires an urgent significance. The research is devoted to the study of aggressive behaviour aimed at inciting interethnic hatred and discord via the comments on YouTube Videos. The Internet is used more and more in everyday life, at the same time, the potential threat of manipulative influence on the individual, especially young people, is increasing. Young p...

The paper dwells upon the problems of formation and modeling of the bitcoin crypto-currency market. The huge interest of both the scientific community and the citizens of the world dictates the need to analyze the prospects for the development of the bitcoin and other crypto-currencies market. The article outlines the construction of a model covering the bitcoin market and the factors affecting it. As an endogenous variable "Bitcoin market capitalization" is introduced that estimates the aggregate demand for bitco...

Foreign investment in the modern world is an incentive for the development of the economy and society. The sustainable development of economic systems requires periodic inflows of investment and capital. Investment is a tool for the development not only of enterprises but also of States. However, the process of development of investment activity in the world was quite difficult. States have chosen different methods regulation of investment activity. If we take into account the fact that a significant number of inv...

Despite Poland’s ratification of all major international space law treaties, except the 1979 moon treaty, it has not implemented these norms in internal legal order. It is therefore quite difficult to discuss unlegislated national space law. The only domestic reference to space law is the Act establishing the Polish Space Agency and Polish Space Strategy, but this Act is not legislative. Although Poland has many obligations resulting from membership in the European Union (since 2004) and the European Space Agency ...

Investment decision - making has acquired the importance in the economy of the Slovak Republic especially in connection with its transition to a market one. It is connected with a long-term time horizon, and a badly focused and inefficient investment can lead the company not only to financial problems, but even to bankruptcy. In SMEs, the success of the investment, sometimes involving all of its own capital, can decide on their further existence. In addition to investment decisions that solve the question of which...

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the role of the exchange rate in shaping the export of Poland and selected European Union countries: Sweden, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Denmark and the Czech Republic in the years 2008-2016. The author presented exchange rate regimes in the analyzed countries and assessed if the choice of applied exchange rate system had a significant impact on the variability of nominal exchange rates. Subsequently, changes in real effective exchange rates (REER) and their impact on export co...

The IT technology solution supporting VAT collection popularised by OECD known as the Standard Audit File–Tax (SAF-T) raises many challenges for businesses bound to use it. The aim of the article is to interpret the conclusions drawn from the survey evaluation of SAF-T implementation in Poland conducted by accountants and heads of economic units. For the reasons presented in this article, SAF-T used in Poland (and probably in many other countries as well) currently may appear to be a transitional, not a permanent ...

Empirical evidence of financial literacy in the adult population during almost 10 years shows stable financial illiteracy of Russian population. By financial literacy Russia consistently occupies one of the last places in the surveys made by different researches, and does not improve its score with time. Financial illiteracy negatively effects Russian financial market’s stability and economic growth of the country. Numeracy and capacity to do calculations related to interest rates lies in the root financial capabi...

The efficiency and time saving constantly are actual subjects of the civil procedures and for solutions of civil disputes. The civil procedural principles and procedural sanctions are those aspects which should ensure the efficiency of hearing of civil disputes in courts. The author of this article is civil rights lawyer and has of many years standing practice experience. This article analysis the procedural principles and instruments which one are stipulated in civil procedural law in Republic of Latvia and Repub...

Direct democracy as a concept of empowering citizens by enabling them to directly decide on matters of significant state importance became a very popular and catchy slogan in Poland, similarly to other Central and Eastern European countries, in the early 1990s when the process of constitutional transformation began. Direct democracy was perceived in this context as an instrument of legitimizing the activities of state authorities, such as, above all, the adoption of a new constitution. In Poland, not only the inst...

A four-year research project on the protection of the more vulnerable party, supported by the National Scientific Research Foundation (K-120158), has been driven by the notion of flexicurity, which the Commentary of the Hungarian Labour Code also refers to. According to this the main question of the research shall be how the provisions of the Labour Law Code (in force since 01.07.2012.) protect the more vulnerable party, ie. employee. The examination of the Hungarian labour law provisions happens in six different ...

The present article shall be devoted to the analysis of the regulation on the resolution of sports related disputes by the United States Olympic Committee (hereinafter referred to as “the USOC”). The research is made in the frames of the author’s doctoral study on alternative disputes resolution methods for resolving sports related disputes. The research is based on empirical-analytical group of the research methodology. The following sections shall be presented: the introduction; the role and functions of the USO...

Confidence-building is one of the main conditions of Russia-EU relations normalization. For better understanding of the ways of confidence strengthening: the concept of confidence in the context of national and foreign policy of the states; legal basis of strategic partnership between Russia and EU (the EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994); the contemporary state of Russia-EU relations; the reasons of Russia-EU relations deterioration; the available doubts of a possibility of strategic partners...

The main aim of the article is to study and analyze the theoretical and practical issues of the trust essence, including the Continental law system countries, and what future development could be in Latvia taking into the account practice of the another European countries. Within the process of the research Latvian and foreign legal acts were analyzed, case – law were used and literature in Latvian, English, Russian, German, French and some other languages were looked through. There are used comparative, historica...

Minimum wage is a tool for regulating the labor market that, over the long term, causes controversy in the areas of both economic theory and practice. The goal of this paper is to present and analyze key theoretical economic approaches to the functioning of the labor market and the tools used to regulate it. These regulatory tools significantly influence the labor market’s allocative efficiency, and we generally consider the institution of minimum wage to be fundamental part of this trend. Therefore, in this paper...

The current knowledge of the management of the capital structures of companies does not enable clear determination of optimum ratios of debt to equity. The factors considered by managers in their decisions concerning ways to finance their companies only partly match the theoretical findings on those matters. Empirical studies mention the following factors affecting the financial leverage: legal and institutional constraints, size of the company, profitability of the company, and growth prospects of the company. Th...

In the doctrine and judicial practice, it has been stated that the performance of the obligations stipulated in synallagmatic contracts must be made simultaneously by both parties. Therefore, the refusal of one of the contracting parties to perform its own obligations breaks the balance that must exist between the reciprocal performances of synallagmatic contracts so that the other party is also entitled to cease performing its own obligations. Thus, the exception of non-performance consists in the possibility for...

An inalienable content of a state of law, which is Latvia, is the protection and enforcement of rights and legitimate interests of the individual, especially in relation to enforcement of rights of persons, involved in criminal procedure. Freedom of the individual, his/her rights and guarantees are increasing and it is also a characteristic of the criminal procedure. Latvia is a full member of the European Union. To issues of enforcement of human rights are paid special attention and attempts are made to change ra...

Risk behaviours in youth are often the result of personal identity issues and internal conflicts, connected with the need for new and more complex excitement, and a new image about themselves. Such behaviours often precede delinquent behaviour or occur with delinquent behaviour. It also could be related to impulsive decision-making, negligent behaviour, conflict with peers or authority, and having a significant negative impact on the wider society. The aim of this paper is to gain insight the experiences of young ...

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of economic cooperation between China and Japan in the era of the "World Financial Crisis". The global economic crisis of 2008, which became a powerful blow for the capitalist world since the Great Depression and inflicted a heavy blow on the economies of the United States and Western Europe, did not have such a strong impact on East Asia, China and even Japan, despite their greater involvement in the world financial and economic system. It confirmed the fact that the c...

The neoclassical realist approach considers systemic stimuli (independent), and élites’ perceptions and capacities (intervening) as the variables of an explanatory model of foreign policy outcomes (dependent variable). Starting from the central assumptions of Ethology and Classical Élites Theory, with the view to delimitate élites as the foreign policy executive, or the geopolitical agent, this paper aims to reinforce the importance of the intervening variables élites’ perceptions and capacities in shaping the geo...

In numerous international and national documents, the protection of human life is grounded with the utmost gravity and authority. An individual´s right for health is protected and prioritized in all modern national legal systems as a fundamental human right. The paper critically reviews the content of safety when providing health care. Security is of high value to society and individuals. Insuring safety and security entails providing stable institutional framework by which individual needs can be met. The paper p...

The article describes the methodology for modeling global problems of the world economy. The main methodological provisions: the existence of the history of the problem development, the mutual influence of the problem development process, the influence of factors on problem development. The mathematical model of global problems of the world economy is formed on the basis of the system approach. A particular feature of the system approach is the choice of the system of indicators that assess global problems, the ch...

The article is devoted to the topical issue of the struggle between China and Japan for political and economic influence over the Korean peninsula in the modern era. After the division of Korea into two hostile states in the middle of 1950-s, the struggle of world powers for influence over the peninsula has not ceased for nearly 70 years. In recent decades, in addition to the traditional actors as the United States and Russia China which is rapidly gaining power has joined the struggle. In response to the China’s ...

The status of the Roma population in Slovakia remained very difficult in the 2nd half of the 20th century. They lacked job opportunities and high proportion of the Roma was still living in very poor conditions in shacks in the Roma settlements. They lived without basic hygienic conditions and without access to education, often illiterate. For this reason, in the 1950s, the social integration of the Roma population and raising their cultural level became the most important tasks. It had to be decided whether the Ro...

Spatial development of Russia has large disproportions of financial and economic nature. This can be illustrated by the example – most of the regions have a regional budget deficit. At the same time, the debts of the regions to higher budgets and banks are steadily growing. All this reduces the potential for regional development and the opportunities to ensure the economic security of regions’ development, the financial and economic risks of bankruptcy of the territories are growing. The purpose of the presented s...

The legal contractual obligations in comparative law have been regulated in various demeanours. A unified regulation system prevails, upon which both, commercial contracts and civil contracts are regulated by a unified normative legal act. This concept prevails in modern legislation due to the increasing dynamics of movement of goods and services, and it has allowed for the infiltration of numerous civil law rules into the commercial law therein. Contracts, being specific agreements provide for movement of goods a...

The article offers an analysis of (legal) custom within Roman law and describes its different roles and functions. A customary law represents the oldest formal sources of law in human history. It was created by conduct of people who believed that they are obliged to follow rules created by repetitive continual action. It was dominant form of law in the archaic period of Roman law, but some of its remnants were persevered during whole existence of Roman Empire and beyond. The research is based on textual and histor...

The issue of propaganda and its challenges goes hand in hand with development of new patterns for information consumption within society. Via digital media information cannot be filtrated, authorised or double-checked as in traditional media, but can be delivered directly to population, more than this, across the borders and even ignoring national legislation. In these circumstances propaganda has reshaped its outfit and widely used both for aggressive purposes (like hybrid-warfare tool - s.c.hard propaganda); and...

There are many of challenges for good governance and democracy in 21st century - fake news, post-truth argumentation style, rise of populism through social media, rise of populism in reality, etc. The backbone of problem is not fragmentation of views and opposition to government in power - on contrary - this always will be the source of fruitful decision making in democracies; the problem is ability to deliver information from government to people and vice versa to ensure objective discussion. So called Digital Ag...

The idea of implementation of Electronic Health Record systems on national scale “e-Health” has started in all three Baltic States at the same time, in 2003. But the progress of the system development is very different – Estonia had started mandatory use of e-Health in 2009, Latvia on 2018, but the Lithuania is still on its way. The research involved analyze of e-Health development and implementation process in Latvia and comparison with Estonia, with the aim to discover the differences and identify hindering fact...

Terrorism is one of the greatest threats of modern times. Following September 11, it has especially imposed great fear and concern around the world. This paper will discuss the fight against terrorism by the world's largest organization, the United Nations, as the fight against this phenomenon has not proved successful by states individually. The fight against terrorism by the UN will be addressed by dealing with legal aspects including international legal mechanisms and instruments to combat terrorism. Additional...

Slander is one of four offences codified in Chapter XXVII of the Polish Criminal Code – ‘Offences against Honour and Personal Inviolability’ in Article 212. This is one of the few crimes where prosecution is initiated by private motion. The aggrieved party must submit and support an indictment in the capacity of a private prosecutor and collect all possible evidence necessary to proceed in instituting criminal proceedings. While convicted perpetrators are liable to a fine or restriction of liberty, current legisla...

The article considers an actual issue of how important is the language aspect in state-building. In history, there are many examples where the language of one of the cities or region became the language of the emerging state and, at the same time, the basis for the formation of its national unity, common culture and identity. The article analyzes the role of language as one of the main connecting elements of the country. History shows that polylinguism always hinders the formation of a single state, and the presen...

This article provides a review of recent unfolding development of countries working on creation of central bank cryptocurrency (CBCC). Central bank issued private blockchain based digital cash product such as Fedcoin, introduced by J.P. Koning and used by Bank of International Settlements (BIS) in its report, represents centralized rival of decentralized Bitcoin, electronic peer to peer payment system without central bank control (CB). Article further explores what the ongoing crypto digital turn spells for the fu...

The interests of legal entities in Macedonia are protected by notaries. The notary services in Macedonia are adopted by the Law on the Notary. By accomplishing these services, the legitimate interests of natural and legal persons are also protected and on the other hand the legal certainty is created due to the nature of the notarized documents. With regard to this, the role of the notary comes into expression upon its creation, alteration and revoking of the legal relations. The legal relations are also created d...

In 2016, more than 16.3 million migrants were recorded, while there is illegal migration in Russia, which generates serious social, economic, and political problems. The attitude of the population towards migration policy in Russia is ambiguous, and it is reflected in social networks. Social networks and blogosphere contain data to study the effectiveness of migration policy by social science. The paper deals with reflection of the international migration and migration policy in social network. The analysis of the...

This article describes method of banking activities in the field of the Internet of banking of Russia. The issue of personal finance management services is relevant both for individuals and for families dealing with budget deficits and budget surpluses. Modern financial relations into which a citizen enters tend to become more complicated. This fact makes it necessary for subjects who manage personal finances to master a sufficiently high level of financial literacy. Therefore, personal finance management skills a...

The article is an analysis of the relevance of such problems of the Russian legal doctrine and practice as a provision of the collective interests in the field of public health. Taking into account the paramount importance of health as a factor determining the quality of life, the authors emphasize the special role of social mechanisms for the protection and promotion of health. The most effective mechanism is similar, in their opinion, is a legal mechanism, the essence of which is to give the protection of health...

One of the critical questions in local authorities both in Russia and in many other countries with a decentralized fiscal system, is an increasing level of financial resources concentration in central budgets that reduces the impact of municipal governments in carrying out their tasks in the local public sector. Using economic and statistical methods this study shows the dominant role of regulating revenues and the low proportion of local taxes and charges in the municipal budgets’ revenue structure. The level of ...

Strategic communication and foreign policy are fields interlacing with high intense in latest years. Reasons behind this phenomenon are technological possibilities to spread the message, and, nevertheless, foreign policy visibility via open and active international society. The same time actors and agents playing in the foreign policy field have various interests. Such effects as informational noise, disinformation, propaganda, and provocation (under circumstances of hybrid-warfare) largely puzzles global informat...

The article is devoted to the study of sport as a political phenomenon. Although it has traditionally been interpreted as non-political one, its political potential is clear even if a person is not interested in politics at all. Sport has long been a means of establishing national pride and a belief in a population’s physical or at least cultural superiority. For example when boxer Joe Louis avenged his earlier loss to Max Schmeling with a first-round knockout it was considered a victory for American democracy ove...

Space law is a branch of international law, and the five major treaties that oblige States to implement space law in their national legal order have many stipulations. Most states have now initiated Acts which regulate space laws, space strategies and space policies. The UN countries can be divided into three groups; states that fully implemented international space law in their domestic legislation, states that partly implemented these norms and those who have not legislated space law or this legislation is other...

Companies are increasingly implementing new performance measurement systems to track non-financial measures such as customer and employee satisfaction, quality, market share, productivity, and innovation. According to the existing theoretical literature, non-financial performance measures provide managers with incentives to improve long-term financial performance and, on the other hand, financial performance measures provide managers with incentives to improve short-term financial performance. This study examines ...

The article is focused on the Labeo´s conflicting theory about ownership to newly created island in a river stream and detects its reasoning, aims and philosophical sources of inspiration. A question of insula in flumine nata represents traditional issue of the Roman law things. Such island was considered to belong to private individual(s) who owns the nearest shores of river by most of the sources. However, there is one fragment of Labeo (D 41,1,65,4) which states that such island should belong to public. The res...

Judicial inquiry process, an important place belongs to a predictive function, socio-legal processes and phenomena development trends to predict. Criminology as legal science subsector is particularly characterized prognostic methods of providing the overall crime situation, a separate offense and shape changes. Law enforcement authorities should be prepared to respond to the criminogenic situation and the process of change. We would like to believe not to experience the to-morrow’s criminal grimaces, and more the...

The aim of the submitted contribution is to propose for the staff of the EU Structural Funds Sections of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic an effective evaluation system based in particular on the motivation of employees to perform higher and better performances. The State Service Act in the Slovak Republic does not impose an obligation to perform a civil service assessment of civil servants but provides for the authorization of civil servants to evaluate subordinate ci...

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the legal framework of virtual currency in various countries. The virtual currency or cryptocurrency is a cryptographically protected decentralized digital currency used as means of exchange. Due to development of new technologies and innovations, the rate of using of virtual currency is rapidly increasing throughout the globe, replacing not only cash payment and payments by bank transfer, but also electronic cash payments. Among the best-known representatives of cryptocu...

Nowadays, commerce is also actively transforming, moving from offline to online. There is a constant annually dramatic growth of retail e-commerce sales. This thesis establishes the importance of electronic money, online payments and the role of e-commerce in the modern world; describes the peculiarities of e-money market and e-commerce in Russia and in global. In general, it is possible to note several trends in the Russian market of e-commerce. One of them is an active growth of the segment of payments of the Ru...

The offence of false testimony is codified in Chapter XXX Article 233 of the Polish Criminal Code: “Offences against the Administration of Justice”. This liability is dependent on the person taking the testimony, while acting within his or her authorisation, must have warned the person testifying about the criminal liability for giving false testimony, or must have obtained a relevant oath. Prior to 2016, the perpetrator of this crime was liable to imprisonment for between six months and three years, but the 2016 ...