THE ROLE OF ELITES IN GEOPOLITICAL STUDIES

[1a] Nuno Morgado, ‘Geopolitical Design and the ‘Sense of Space’ – methodological cores in Geopolitical Studies,’ in SGEM Vienna Hofburg, Book 2 Political Sciences, Law, Finance, Economics & Tourism, Volume I Political Science (Sofia: SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Arts, 2016)

[1b] the author’s PhD thesis ‘Towards the New World Order? A geopolitical study of Neo-Eurasianism and Meridionalism,’ Institute of Political Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague.

Aymeric Chauprade and François Thual, Dictionnaire de Géopolitique – États, Concepts, Auteurs. (Paris: Ellipses, 1998), 497-498, 483.

[3a] Among others sources: Konrad Lorenz, Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins (U.S.A.: R. Piper & Co. Verlag, 1973)

[3b] Nikolaas Tinbergen, The Study of Instinct (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1951)

[3c] Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1989)

[3d] Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape (London: Corgy Books, 1969)

[3e] Humphry Knipe and George Maclay, The Dominant Man (London: Fontana, 1972)

[3f] Robert Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative (Oxford: Atheneum, 1966).

[4a] This idea was also developed in the literature in political science. For instance: Vilfredo Pareto, Trattato Di Sociologia Generale (Charleston: Nabu Press, 2010)

[4b] Gaetano Mosca, Elementi di Scienza Politica (Torino: Fratelli Bocca Editori, 1923)

[4c] Robert Michels, Para uma Sociologia dos Partidos Políticos na Democracia Moderna, trans. José M. Justo (Lisboa: Antígona, 2001)

[4d] Wright C. Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966)

‘… the top officials and central institutions of government charged with external defense and the conduct of diplomacy’; ‘the relative ability of the state to extract or mobilize resources as determined by the institutions of the state’ – Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, ‘State Building for Future Wars: Neoclassical Realism and the Resource-Extractive State,’ Security Studies vol. 15, no. 3 (July-September 2006): 464-495.

Norrin M. Ripsman, Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell, Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 33-57; 61-66.

Mark M. Lowenthal, Intelligence – From Secrets to Policy (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2015).

‘if power influences the courses of international politics, it must do so largely through the perceptions of the people who make decision on behalf of states’ – William C. Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 2.

The understanding of the Geopolitical Design (the identification of both the list of state’s goals and its hierarchy) is a benchmark in the explanation of what the national interest is. Vide: François Thual, Méthodes de la géopolitique – apprendre à déchiffrer l’actualité (Paris: Éllipses, 1996), 20.

Vide, for example: Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth M. Pollack, ‘Let Us Now Praise Great Men: Bringing the Statesman Back In,’ International Security Vol. 25, no. 4 (Spring 2001).

Jerrold Post has an interesting chapter introducing this technique - Audie Klotz and Deepa Prakash, ed., Qualitative Methods in International Relations – A Pluralist Guide (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 131-150.

Such as: Alexander George, ‘The ‘Operational Code’: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making,’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 13, no. 2 (June 1969).

Pauline Couper, A Student’s Introduction to Geographical Thought – theories, philosophies, methodologies (London: SAGE, 2015), 98.

[14a] Vide: Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998)

[14b] Thomas J. Christensen, Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 11.

Randall L. Schweller, ‘Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing,’ International Security vol. 29, no. 2 (Fall 2004): 169 ff.