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Background: Services create most of employment and value added in modern economies and via delivering key intermediate inputs to other sectors they enhance industrial performance and boost economic growth. The significance of international trade in services is systemically growing together with development of ICT technologies. Although Poland's share in global trade in services is rather small (1.01% in exports and 0.72% in imports in 2016) this sector is important for the Polish economy. In 2016, Poland's service...

The breakdown of world trade flows that occurred in 2008-2009 due to the financial and economic crisis was followed by a swift recovery. However, since 2012 global trade growth has been sluggish and the growth rates lower than average growth of global GDP. Various reasons have been named to explain that phenomenon. One of which is the supposed protectionist policies spreading all over the world. The main goal of the paper is to analyze global trade flows since 2012 and pinpoint the main tendencies and factors affe...

Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2012 in Russia and formation of a national strategy for social policy for persons with disabilities demanded the creation of a system for monitoring the implementation of its provisions and performance evaluation. The article discusses the formation of a system for monitoring the status of persons with disabilities in Russia and the issues related to observance of their rights, taking into account the international experience of conductin...

The new challenge before today’s CEOs and executives is to realize that intellectual property (patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc) are assets that enhance corporate value and offer the company a new competitive advantage. The proper exploitation and measurement of intellectual property or intangibles gives strategic and financial benefits to the underlying organization.The number of patents of the underlying company are used in the literature among other variables as a proxy for intellectual property or innovati...

The present day approaches to the concept of “entrepreneurship” are analyzed. Possibilities of high-skill training of young people for entrepreneurial activity in the context of a consistent integrative "School – Higher Education" system are assessed. The specific features of implementing the program of business training of students are revealed. The structural components of the program are presented. For justification of the efficiency and implementation of the business training program, the results of pedagogica...

This paper is a brief synopsis of a work regarding the security policy in Italy between 2008 and 2013. Trough the analysis of the main national press of different political orientation, the paper aims to investigate the shift in priority of Italian parties in front of new threats and the effects this shift had on Italian policy. With the results of 2008 election, right-wing People of Freedom (PdL) and left-wing Democratic party (PD) centered their agenda on physical security. The zero-tolerance policy of Berluscon...

This paper analyses legal consequences of applying conscientious objections to childhood mandatory vaccinations in the Czech Republic. There is no common European approach towards childhood vaccination and legal exemptions from statutory duty imposed by part of the states. The European Court of Human Rights considers vaccination campaigns which oblige individual to defer to general interest and not to endanger health of others where his own life is not in danger, not going beyond the margin of appreciation left to...

The study focuses on the importance of balancing the need to share and use genetic sequences and the need to protect the privacy of biological groups who could be harmed if the genetic data of a group member were made public. Many medical discoveries are based on the use of human cells which are donated by volunteers. But the will of the donors could be in contrast with the will of their relatives. The aim of the study is to determine what the preeminent interest between the desire of the donor to help the researc...

The aim of this paper is to assess the scope of application of the relevant articles of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in relation to individual types of administrative offences provided for in Czech legal regulations, or proceedings in relation to such offences, based on an analysis and comparison of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the decision-making and practice of Czech courts. The paper introduction focuses on the legislative developm...

The initial part of the article provides an overview of the constitutional and statutory bases of the institution of petition and the constitutional bases of the administration of justice in Poland. The author also presents the parliamentary procedure of considering petitions with a particular emphasis on the role of the Committee on Petitions in this regard. These considerations are followed by the analysis of five petitions submitted to the Sejm in the 8th term of office, which began on 12 November 2015, until 3...

The article addresses the problem of militarization in the East Asian region in the context of the unfolding crisis in Japan-China relations. Numerous territorial disputes between China and Japan and other countries in East Asia being divided into two hostile sides in the recent past, the complicated history of the last century along with innumerable military conflicts, the deficiency of effectively operating security organizations in this region, the inequality of economic development between countries, all these...

As a result of the 2015-17 migration crisis, housing can currently be considered as one of the key sectoral policies within the integrated urban development of the European Union. Although, the debatable position of the Polish government regarding the non-acceptance of migrants as a result of the relocation policy between the countries of the European Union is commonly known, Poland is an area of migration from such countries as Ukraine or Belarus. It is estimated that in the last few years Poland has accepted abo...

The BMI index has a comprehensive effect on the individual's life and, in relation to prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases, it affects also economic aspects like the finances spent by the individual in this connection. This article, based on the implemented project supported from the program project of the Czech Ministry of Health with reg. No.15-31000A, called "Intervention procedures in preventive cardiology", was aimed at ascertaining, describing and evaluating the relations of the financial amount...

Within the new era of digitalization, software development and personalization projects play a major role for the IT & Telecommunication players. They also come with a range of associated risks like the risk of not being able to deliver on time, on budget or the needed scope. It is thought that having the clients directly involved in the development and personalization process comes with a range of benefits that help lower the project’s overall risk. In order to demonstrate the added value of supplier-client colla...

The article deals with the actual problem of territorial disputes between China and Japan, as well as the role of the two countries in the settlement of the “Taiwan problem”. In recent years, there has been a rapid growth of contradictions and negative trends in Sino-Japanese relations, periodically exacerbated by the unraveling conflict around the Senkaku Islands, processes of general militarization of the region, including the activation of military cooperation between Japan, the United States and Taiwan. Agains...

As a result of Ukraine’s independence and its proclamation as a law-governed state, it became necessary to regulate the scientific, technical and production potential of the space industry formed during the time of the Soviet Union under the rules of Ukraine law. Therefore, the Supreme Council of the Ukraine Parliament, Verkhovna Rada, adopted the Law “On Space Activities” No. 502/96-VR on November 15 1996, and this remains in force today. Since 1993, Ukraine space activity implementation has been based on the fol...

New knowledge and innovations have been developing as a resource of economic stability and growth in recent years. That is why territories become more dependent on the level of new knowledge and innovations. In view of the specified current trends of world economy development, which initiate generation functioning of a new type on the basis of the network concept, it is necessary to consider features of interaction of regional economy subjects in the context of cluster and network collaboration, as well as the con...

Evaluating the organizational climate and culture implies the use of different methods by public sector organizations' managers and / or human resource management units. Through the application of different methods, it is possible to collect, summarize and analyze information related to employee motivation and engagement, leadership, internal communication, attitudes towards change as well as other issues relevant to the achievement of the strategic and operational objectives of the administrations in the public s...

The most important instrument of global governance is social media technology. Women's magazines, as a tool of these technologies, especially in demand in the event of a long process of reformatting the mass consciousness. Young women in Russian society are the most socially active and educated part. Their values and social ideals define the paradigm of the future culture of the next generation in Russia. In this sense, young women are the target audience for the use of social technologies suggestion coordinated u...

The paper deals with the problems of formation and modeling of spatial industry economic systems, which are a subclass of integrated economic systems. It is shown that new types of cluster associations are being formed that integrate their interests, assets, resources for joint operation within particular economic space. The synthesis of several stably interacting clusters forms a new class of clusters that has its own peculiarities. The new class of clusters is named in the article as cluster systems. The article...

No successful economy can be implemented in closed mode in the contemporary globalized world. A view of an explosive development of the national IT technology the society is forced to transform itself from vertically-integrated model into horizontal model. The functions of state authorities change significantly, shifting from interim measures to a standard of quality services provision. The way of life of a contemporary person changes significantly; there is also a process of state borders blurring and state’s fin...

We observe the abandonment of the dynamics in the development of the administrative services, both in the central authorities of the executive power and in the bodies conducting the local self-government. It is noticeable that a small part of the central administration has made it possible for applications for the provided administrative services to be submitted via its territorial units and, moreover, no one administrative services to the central administrations can be declared through the municipal administratio...

International trade is the oldest and most development form of international relations. The current conditions of globalization of the economy have become a powerful stimulus for the development of international trade, especially within the existing customs, trade and economic unions. Despite the fact that the USA and Mexico are traditionally the main partners of Canadian foreign trade policy in the framework of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), in recent years the countries of the European Union (E...

One of the most basic rights of an individual is the right to the protection of personal data. Personal data is the common term for information about an identified or identifiable individual. Identifiable individual is defined as someone who can be directly or indirectly recognized, in particular by means of such characteristics as name, surname, identification number, location data, online ID, as well as physical, physiological, psychological, economic, cultural or social factors. Undoubtedly, 25 May 2018 can be ...

In 2015, when Hungary was in the centre of the migratory flow, a new special criminal procedure has been inserted into the Hungarian Act on Criminal Procedure (Act XIX of 1998) referring to the – so-called - crimes against the closing of border. Considering that: (a) the irregular migration did not decrease in the past years, and (b) the main directives of the codification on the new procedural code were the rapidity and the efficiency, the special procedural regulations on crimes against the closing of border had...

The main objective of habitat is the rationale for and feasibility of differentiating the criminal process from the viewpoint of science and from the standpoint of an applied nature and studies its impact on the efficiency of the process. The article analyzes the theoretical principles of differentiation and investigates features of both complicated and simplified criminal procedure forms. At present the structure of the criminal procedure is complicated, which is determined by the diversityof forms of criminal pr...

The goal of the paper is to analyse the effects of additional taxation of the banking sector in Germany and Poland in the context of implemented taxation models for this sector. The article includes an identification of types of taxation of the financial sector and an assessment of options for additional taxation of the financial sector from the point of view of the scope of taxation, tax subject, tax base, scale and tax rates, as well as the purpose of funds raised in the form of tax. Assessment of the macroecono...

In today's global world an image of a certain country and its society plays a significant role in international relations. The creation of such image depends largely on the attitude of the mass-media and their owners’ policy. For the past several decades research is done over many different aspects of the modern communication processes in search for better target audience impact methods and models. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the principal model of forming an inter-country communication within a spec...

The study aims to explain motivational and behavioural patterns of political participation of Russian university youth in the context of contemporary trends in youth political participation in Europe and beyond. It is based on a sociological survey conducted among a sample of 976 students aged 18-21 in 12 higher education institutions of Sverdlovsk Oblast, a region found to be representative of Russia’s youth at large. The findings show that, in line with a global trend, beside alienation from conventional politic...

In this paper the author deals with the practical analysis of the relationship between Administrative Law and Criminal Law and, on the other hand, between the Administrative Procedure and the Criminal Procedure within the legal system of the Republic of Macedonia. Although, Criminal Law and Administrative Law are fundamentally different from each other, according to the object and the manner of regulation, since Criminal Law includes legal norms that refer to criminal offense, the perpetrator, criminal liability, ...

While Western European societies are undergoing the process of secularization, post-Soviet Russia is demonstrating religious revival. The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) alternatively known as the Moscow Patriarchate is the largest and most influential religious organization in Russia and the largest of the Orthodox churches in the world. According to various polls, approximately three-quarters of Russians identify themselves as Orthodox and ROC consistently occupies the top position in the rankings of trust among s...

This paper aims to define and analyze the theoretical and practical legal framework of the political opposition, through analyzing constitutional norms, political culture and political dialogue as the main factors determining the state and perspectives of the political opposition in the Republic of Macedonia. Political pluralism is the opposite of monism and represents the idea of a peaceful common life of people with different interests, beliefs and lifestyles, recognizing the existing diversity of political inte...

The article describes the Germany’s investment attractiveness mathematical model. The model is based on the institutional and functional approach. The distinctive feature of the institutional-functional approach is the inclusion into the model of the endogenous variables that characterize the institutions performing the function of attracting investors into the country: the technological development institution, the companies’ registration institution, the country economic freedom institution. Functional component...

The article is devoted to the topical problem of the Russian Federation foreign policy in the Far East transformation in recent decades. Traditionally, the region is a sphere of Russia's special interests. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked a shift in the balance of power in it towards the US-Japanese alliance and the new powers have emerged claiming a leading place, it is primarily China. In the 21st century, Russia is gradually returning to regional affairs as an active actor, focusing its efforts not on pr...

The terrorism can be considered as the political or security problem, but it is also the kind of crime, although it is very specific crime. However, considering it as the crime, we can also think about it in the connection with criminological categories as the prevention, for example. When we look at latest terrorist attacks, we can name their several common features. For example, tools, which were used for commitment of these crime, were very simple, because perpetrators attacked by firearms, stabbing weapons or ...

Innovative financial strategies are transforming the pace and stakes of business and accelerate emerging market changes supporting the principal strategic factors that can undertake successful progressive advances, therefore the importance of innovative financial strategies have a central position and are responsible for the corporations’ business excellence. The top pioneering companies prioritise and emphasise years of organizational performance and are uniquely qualified to inspire and enhance innovation becaus...

The paper focuses upon an analysis and review of those phenomena, which were inevitable for democratisation processes of the Slovak part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and which helped to overcome Slovakia´s political, cultural, social and industrial backwardness up to that point when it got a potential to be transformed into an independent state and a sovereign political actor with its own political status, authenticity, cultural uniqueness, and pragmatism of relations with the Central European neighbours and pe...

Co-ownership represents an encumbrance of the entire property. Encumbrances take the form of the mandatory approval of any action involving a co-owned item to be obtained by every co-owner of real estate from other co-owners, thereby restricting the exercise of a co-owner’s property right. It should be stressed that property is an absolute right in rem, one of the fundamental rights of every individual; therefore, any restriction must be soft to the maximum extent practicable, granting the owner the widest possibl...

Real estate markets show specifics across the particular segments of real estate and also different performance in terms of market efficiency in real time. Moreover each country has some legal framework and other specifics. The paper deals with monitoring of asking price development till realizing a market transaction as the indicator of the market efficiency. Such microeconomics research should determine both the price differences and the duration to sell for individual observation of selected market and segment....

Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as one of the core articles of this first comprehensive human rights instrument of the 21st century sets equality before the law as a basic general principle of human rights protection affirming that all persons with disabilities have full legal capacity in all aspects of life on an equal basis with others. Implementation of this regulation in national legal capacity laws represents a challengeable task for state parties. Namely, the Commit...

The article explores influence of Ordoliberal School of economic thinking, also known as Freiburg School of economic thought on the competition law and policy of the European Communities and later the European Union. Methodology, brief history and members of the tradition shall be introduced, with particular focus and emphasis on Walter Eucken (1891–1950), the founder of the School, Franz Böhm (1895–1977), author of the school's competition policy/law drafts, Hans Großmann-Doerth (1894–1944) and Friedrich August v...

Approximately from the beginning of the 21st Century China has changed its approach towards UN peacekeeping missions, and has become more active, especially in Africa. This process has been accompanied by sharp rise of Sino-African trade. These two parallel processes created the need or better to say a suitable environment for establishment of the first permanent Chinese military base on African soil. The need for this base has been further increased by Chinese experience from operation of evacuation of Chinese ci...

Background: Managers are looking for methods and tools that will allow their enterprises to function safely and be competitive in the market and develop systematically . The simplest solution applied mainly in the commercial sector is functioning in a group purchasing organization. Such groups are mainly associated with joint purchases and the use of economies of scale. However, within the group purchasing organization of an enterprise, in addition to common purchasing power, they are able to use various types of ...

The aim of this article is to provide with detailed analysis of the fiscal decentralization in the area of issuing debt, its realization and the impact on the Slovak cities during 2012-2016. Primarily, we will focus on the local self-governing level, which is in our conditions formed by villages and cities. One of the pillars of the fiscal decentralization in the decentralized self-governing unit is the scope of jurisdictions in the ability to borrow, and therefore also the regulation of these jurisdictions. If th...

Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. /Times New Roman, 12/ The paper studies the specifics of the functioning of the ancient Roman monetary system in the period of the late Republic and the early Empire. As a result of the expansion of the economic space that was due to the large conquests, disparities arose b...

It is presumed that a judgement that has come to legal force cannot be appealed and that such a judgment should be regarded as a final ruling in the case, however, under certain legal circumstances, called as newly disclosed circumstances, it is possible to restore criminal proceedings. When restoring criminal proceedings due to new circumstances, the right of individuals is guaranteed to the protection of a fair trial and a fair final ruling. The aim of the article is to investigate what circumstances can serve a...

The goal of the paper is to evaluate the effects of budget policy aimed at improving the condition of public finances in selected countries of the euro area. Author focuses on countries that prior to the crisis had budget surpluses and low public debt (Ireland and Spain) but also on France and Germany that fulfilled treaty criterion on budget deficit and were close to fulfilling the public debt criterion. Aftermath of the 2008-2009 crisis in the case of public finances of the analyzed countries were varied in term...

Latvia re-established its independence in 1990. National policy-makers imposed serious responsibility when making decisions as they were affecting the Latvia’s people's well-being and development. This study analyzes the interaction of two State Presidents of Latvia after regaining of independence in 1991: Guntis Ulmanis, the first State president (1993-1999) and Dr. Vaira Vike-Freiberga (1999-2007), with the Parrliament of Latvia within decision-making process, using suspended veto. State President is a formal le...