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The character of space development and traditional nature management was one of the components of the traditional culture generality of all nations of the North Caucasus, therefore regional architectural features of the Christian churches of the North Caucasus as a whole were manifested most clearly in the location of the temple in the structure of the settlement and in its relationship with the landscape and a natural environment. During all studied period (from VI to XIV centuries) mutual influence of basic foun...

This article describes the possible causes of low strength magnesia binder, mixing an aqueous solution of magnesium sulfate. The results of X-ray diffraction are shown.

The purpose of this article is to present spatial and functional transformations undergoing in the structure of Wieliczka town and its surroundings. Wieliczka is an important medieval town with rich historical heritage. The Salt Mine, which is on the list of the World Unesco Heritage, is its main tourist attraction. Wieliczka is situated in Krakow metropolitan area and despite having its own administration is heavily under Krakow's influence. Transformations of its functional and spatial structure concern two sphe...

Informed user can briefly be defined as the fictive person who is to assess an industrial design's distinctive/individual character when it is a subject matter in law cases, where the protection conditions of a registered industrial design are to bear novelty and to have distinctive/individual character. Further, it is a point of view which is supposed to be adopted while assessing the designs in such cases. It is possible to state that “informed user”, either as a notion or as a means of assessment, can be ac...

Even though the term 'Parametric' originates from mathematics and refers to the use of certain parameters or variables that can be edited to manipulate or alter the end result of an equation or system, by a quick search through internet it is known that the parametric architectural design is a process based on algorithmic thinking that enables the expression of parameters and rules together to define and to encode and finally to clarify the relationship between architectural design intent and architectural design ...

The article deals with the possibility of energy-saving manufacturing of the construction magnesium oxychloride cements increase by addition of intensifier additives in furnace charge. The mechanism of additives effect, and also dependence of their action efficiency according to the chemical nature of substances are considered.

The discourse of the city as a conceptual structure is the state of its legibility. In the most basic sense the phenomenon of †legibility' is related with the citizens' or/and visitors' perception and interpretation the city. In this context, any kind of perspective set out to understand the city has the potential to turn into an urban reading method that centralizes different interpretations. By resolving the complex structure of the city, each historical formation can be called as a †layer'. It can be realiz...

The objective of this research is identification, studying and analysis of the most often used methods of creation patterns on a surface and in face cuts of blanks and pre-fusions. This paper for the first time presents classification of the methods described above by a number of signs: by a receiving way, by character of the location of a pattern and by the character of glass melt flow. Also in this work three various ways of creation so-called “chaotic pattern” on a front surface and in a volume of a blank o...

Sustainability is becoming a standard in European architecture. To achieve higher energy efficiency it is necessary to use specific solutions in the field of HVAC, construction, used materials but also in the field of architectural design. Impact of those architectural solutions on the appearance of buildings is significant. The article treats the topic based on the research on zero- and plus-energy buildings completed in Europe in recent years.

Wroclaw University of Technology (WrUT) is one of the largest universities in Poland. In 2014 its authorities have announced a competition for the architectural concept of the new campus located on post-industrial areas. The article describes the project - the ef-fect of the work of architects from the Faculty of Architecture in WrUT. The project – related to sustainable development - is an attempt to express by architec-tural forms the university mission defined in its statute - innovation, interaction, imple-m...

Since the 1980's, and in Poland two decades later, cities have been subjected to a continuous and dynamic transformation. The city spaces have become places of global capital flow acceleration, and in the market-based economy they have been turned into a commodity. This situation has led to the feeling of powerlessness and lack of any visions for cities that would reach far into the future. With the impetuous and uncontrolled development of cities – growth combined with increased density, and shrinking and disap...

Formal language of contemporary architecture is constantly changing. For years, one can observe embedding trends in which the form of a building is not the result of construction requirements and functional expectations but it precedes them and acts as a declaration of designer's creativity and artistic attitude and as a promise of how designed space should affect its users. Formal procedures derived from a variety of architectural styles and eras are used simultaneously (often in the same facilities). However it ...

Article is devoted to the history one of the first Ural medical institution - Demidovsky factory hospital that is situated in Nizhni Tagil city, Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation. This hospital was built in 1825 and it is an interesting example of a classicism style. Authors consider architectural and planning decisions made by A.P. Chebotaryov and other architects during its existence, reconstruction questions, administrative questions and today condition of hospital. During reconstruction the 120 beds hospit...

Although streets are empty spaces, they have a strong effect on one's perception of the city. They work as a key reference in space and time that influence people's mental map and facilitate their orientation. Not only they may carry footprints of past civilizations, but also they provide a place for public activities, whether cultural or functional. This paper tries to search for the role of streets and its representation in the old town of Nablus, Palestine. It aims at understanding their role in keeping peopleВ...

The paper concerns theory and practice of architectural design with the focus on actual interpretation of critical regionalism intertwined with elements of bioclimatic strategies. The aim of the paper is to analyse the relationship between indigenous cultural heritage, theory of architecture and contemporary building project. These interacting elements are presented in the light of the complex process of architectural education. The paper explains how modern architectural design should be based on the balance betw...

The Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCPs) can resist high traffic demands without invasive maintenance interventions that produce delays, discomfort and even can affect users safety. However, sealing the joints of JPCPs and keeping them sealed for 10 years, costing up to 45% more than the Unsealed Joints (UnJs). As in addition the joint seals are not working well enough there is an increasing interest to eliminate them. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) has reported savings of 6,000,000 US dol...

The current pace of urbanization is so rapid that, as of the moment of the writing of this article, more than half of the world's population lives in cities. This causes the eyes of many researchers from many different fields to focus on them. This essay illustrates the relations that shape the influence of technology, architecture, ecology and society on the functioning of and the form that cities take. The technical death of many buildings and structures, which have until recently met the expectations of the inh...

The recent tendency to redefine architecture and its role on the social function of space is awaiting for its reflections in the architectural design studio practice to be included in the grounds of the future architects' design know how. This paper explores this attempt in a design studio case conducted at Gazi University, Department of Architecture, the topic of which was a secondary school design. Throughout the semester the students sought for ways to make a school building and its surrounding site an integral...

Play is an activity of paramount importance to the child's development; hence it is crucial to have spaces created especially for this purpose. It is visible that, currently, this concern is taken into account as there are numerous children's play areas. A question is raised though, regarding the involvement of children in the process of creating these spaces: are their preferences taken into account when creating these spaces for them to relish? In order to answer this question during the ongoing research, it bec...

The history of the development of cities teaches us that changes to the structure and the model of a city and its constituent parts occur in a process of evolution. This ceaseless process is stimulated by the development of industry and the growth of the economy, inducing social changes that generate new needs and expectations. The process of the evolution of an urban organism is irreversible and its only stable trait is the increasing pace at which the changes take place. The introduction of new spatial structure...

There are a lot of structural mechanics' problems which associated with buildings working under dynamic loading conditions; many existing methods of the solution of dynamic tasks consider a simplified model of a real building. Normally internal friction is not considered. Number of degrees of freedom is limited. Exitation forces are simulated simplistically: system's response to a single (usually instant) impulse is investigated, more complex loadings (groups of impulses) are being studied for a single-degree-of-f...

Nowadays password 'sustainable development', for all the validity of the idea became fashionable slogan, because its actual, highly demanding requirements imposed are often impossible to apply from day to day in economic, technological and legal context of a particular country. Responsive architecture is the first step towards sustainable design, when the architect takes into account the status quo and makes decisions on basis of the analysis of current, available technological possibilities and financial capabili...

Considering the user's importance during the creation process in design and the fact that we live in a society where diversity reigns, in order to have a greater guarantee of success in a project, it is imperative to use a participatory methodology. However, when those users are children under school age it is necessary to pay special attention to possible necessary adjustments, especially from the point of view of communication. It is intended to build a communication code focused on child audience so that it can...

A main concern of contemporary cities in developed countries is to provide an urban environment that encourages non-motorized transport. However, depending on the socio-cultural background of the city under study, specific parameters may demand to be considered. This paper tackles the study and assessment of the environmental qualities of Taipei city urban environment from the point of view of its walkability. The examination of the potentials of urban ambiances in Taipei city and the sensory stimuli they provide,...

Although the studio based learning in architectural education is founded on the interaction between the tutor and the design student, there are few studies on the means and methods to facilitate this interaction. The well-known methods are one to one and public tutorials and from the tutors' side, all function for articulating what they think is important for the effective development of the student project. Within the specific system of limited guidance in the final semester design studio at Gazi University, Depa...

The environmental factors directly affect the persons' perception, comfort, and concentration in working environments. Accordingly, in home office environments, room settings can enhance the preference of the working environment. With this in mind, differently designed home office environments, were assumed to influence the perceptual performance of design students. To verify this hypothesis, six different home office room pictures, were tested by eliciting responses to seven bipolar semantic differential items on...

The rapid development of metropolises is pushing the prices of real estate higher and higher, as areas closer to their centers become more attractive to real-estate developers for the purposes of constructing high quality office and residential complexes. The inhabitants of these areas who are not wealthy enough to purchase a larger dwelling and for whatever reason choose to remain in them, are forced to inhabit smaller and smaller residences and apartments. The article attempts to examine the phenomenon of micro-...

There had been some researches made related with the effects of the physical settings within the offices on the behavior of the employees by now. This paper has been trying to carry this topic one step further by researching the effects of the physical settings within the offices on the motivation of the employees by considering the motivation theories existing in the literature. To be able to increase the awareness; case studies are used in addition to the literature to be able to reveal the real life experiences...

The principles of harmonization of sound and visual components in multimedia advertizing are considered. Five main indicators on which it is expedient to establish compliance with the subsequent harmonization are offered. The emphasis is placed on timbre characteristics of a sound component. The technique and algorithm for practical use are offered.

The transition from Gothic to Renaissance usually explained in the canonical architectural criticism as the (re)discovery of Greco-Roman culture fostered by humanism. Faced with this traditional view, the proposed paper attempts to show that the change, rather than disciplinary, was due to the emergence of a new structure of thought. In Europe, this change entailed moving from a world and a transcendent space to another scientist, as reflected in the passage of the space/divine light of Gothic cathedrals to the sp...

The timber architecture trails of the borderlands and the inclusion of the preserved Orthodox and Catholic churches, as well as unique timber synagogues on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List has contributed to the development of cultural tourism in Poland and in the neighboring countries. Open-air museums have been established around these timber structures and their staff have started to seek new ways of advertising their exhibitions through marketing. The aim of their management is to increase the popularity of...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons why students from Hacettepe University, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design who have been to Italy have decided to participate in the Erasmus Student Exchange Program. The methods used in the study include interviews and questionnaires conducted on the students who participated in the program. Through these methods, it was examined why the students have attended the Erasmus student exchange program; have choses Italy, and Italy's cont...

The paper presents various aspects of the process of transience in architecture: technical, functional, social and civilizational. Both the transience and the tendency to nomadism are intrinsically linked with the architecture of buildings and cities. However, the perception of these processes is largely associated with hard to define, subjective assessments.

The existence of many cultures and religions is a fascinating phenomenon which continuously raises questions. This is an inspiring phenomenon, stimulating intellect and emotions. This is a phenomenon which reveals old conflicts as well as instills joy and hope. In the past, all religions were isolated from each other and their convergence was impossible. Today, more and more often, their authentic interest in each other can be noticed. To a higher degree than in the past, symptoms of a mutual exchange of ideas and...

The research examines the success of implementation of theoretical basis of modern urban typologies in Split, particularly of the thesis that new social environments can achieve spatial and sensorial characteristics similar to those in the town's historic core. The research approaches street as a paradigm of public space in the context of the new city area from 1970s, the so-called Split 3, as well as in the context of the historic core. Insight into the urbanistic plans of Split 3 and both theoretical and practic...

The Middle-Ages can be considered as the affirmation of Europe as the center of civilization, and the Gothic style as the manifestation of this affirmation.In the European context, Portugal is born with the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors, and its recognition as an independent country coincides with the appearance of the Gothic style.The Gothic had two means of assertion in Portugal: The scholarly path, expressed in the foreign influence of the Cistercian Gothic of Alcobaca as well as the flamboya...

An urban arterial, collector or local street must be geometrically and functionally designed, i.e. not only considering the occupation of the physical space but also the capacity and level of service provided, that is directly related with the perception of the user. The pavement is an element of the urban infrastructure that also has a fundamental effect on the perception of the user, for instance on the ride quality (regularity and skid resistance of the surface), visibility and especially on the interventions f...

From an architectural office, that was founded to become the antidote to the star-architecture, here there are three herotic names on the cat walk of the contemporary architecture; Rem Koolhaas, as the founder of OMA, Winy Maas as the founder of MVRDV and finally Bijark Ingles as the founder of BIG. The beginning of 1990's is the time of the capital market changes the hand by the neo-liberalism; inter connected networks, known generally as the internet, start to be called as internet, which will be the new space o...

In the architectural practice, the correct ideas - being property of all - are naturally assimilated and its validation is guaranteed by the evidence of the facts in the building. This way, the good ideas result in good practice, decoding a “modus faciendi” inherent to the discipline of architecture, where the passage of time does lead to its own tradition. But when the craving of innovative and different ideas, absurd ideas arise, what legitimacy has the architect to persuade the client, or even being persuad...

This article is meant to provide a brief overview of the recently emerging trend in sustainable architecture - the using of locally available, often unprocessed materials to construct fully functioning, modern residential architecture. From the use of garbage as filler in concrete, to structures made of compressed earth found on-site that are not only pleasing to the eye, but also offer high quality insulation properties, architects and engineers are rediscovering seemingly primitive materials and design solutions...

For designing process in single family houses many think that is the simplest thing in designing. But they often do not bear in mind that the architect has to collaborate with the potential user of the house. This collaboration must be effective, so that the process continues in the desired direction. In this sphere the architect has to think about the user's needs and wishes and the architectural landscape where the object will be placed, as well as on the spatial legislation in that area. Combining all that in o...

In recent years the international community has begun to focus on the dangerous state of conservation of Buddhist heritage in the SwДЃt Valley (Pakistan). Not only are these religious complexes abandoned and decaying, they are also subject to attacks and destruction. However local populations and the international community both appear disinterested in this issue. The scope of this research is to contribute to the archaeological history of SwДЃt and the architecture of GandhДЃra. The study, involving a survey and ...

Space does not occur only as a physical structure, also occurs with human activity, such as the occurrence of public spaces. They find meaning with human activities beside their definition by boundaries and design. The emergence of public spaces by human activity also helps to reach to a level of political human identity from the level of being human. In this study, spatial footprints of this mutual existence are read through social movements. Urban spaces are not considered only with their physical features but a...

The concept of sustainable development is based on the development of appropriate relations between the economic growth and the care for the environment and human health. Implementation of a sustainable construction investment, a housing investment included, should principally provide its investors with benefits, but at the same time it should minimise the burden for the environment and the negative impact upon the society. In Poland already as early as in 1990 a document State Ecological Policy was drawn up. It c...

Demographic change and economic decline modify the patterns of urban land use. Shrinking cities are the subject of intense international debate and numerous academic and government studies. However, neither thorough scholarly understanding of the urban shrinkage phenomenon nor proven urban strategies for its mitigation have been achieved. Characterized by the incipient stages of urban sprawl in a context of acute population loss, the un-sustainability of Romanian urban development is unequivocal. Social and econom...

The power of capitalist demands from architects necessitates reconsidering the social role of architecture especially in the curricula of architectural design studios. Contrary to the conception that inflexible demands limit student creativity, this study aims to question whether these limitations are opportunities for students to discover the function of architectural solutions for a social purpose in individual, communal and urban scales. The research was conducted for the 2014 Spring Semester's experience in a ...

Contemporary building materials manufacturers compete with each other in searching for a new concrete mixtures to increase the attractiveness of this material at all levels. Success can be seen in terms of life span of the products, appearance and structural strength. In the past few years, concrete has also gained a reputation as one of the most environment friendly building materials. It is difficult to decide how much of this is due to efficient marketing efforts of the manufacturers but there is no doubt, that...

The latter third of the 19th Century was the golden age of balneotherapy on the Iberian Peninsula. Sea or wave baths along the Spanish coastline, which have now disappeared and are unknown in the current architectural panorama, are captured on a plethora of postcards and advertising posters that used photography, which was fully developed throughout Spain, as a means of promoting the culture of bathing. Through photography we are now able to see what these absent structures looked like, and to understand the esthe...

Understanding the genesis of urban landscape defined by fields/urban matrix, lines and points in time continuum is crucial as a pre-method for composing new structures concerning their position, form and purpose. Ston urban landscape has been formed spontaneously and by planning throughout a long period of time. It developed into an organised whole of landscape and its structures. That harmonious unity is in constant change. Such time-spatial dynamics ought to be accepted as a precondition for contemporary design,...

This study looks at the ways how spatial identity of neighbourhoods is formed and considers implications that may be stated for policies seeking the ways to improve and enhance their development in future. The area of Bolderaa neighbourhood in Riga, Latvia, is a typical historical neighbourhood of Riga, having gathered evidence from various phases of evolution of urban structure and urban design. Through the investigation of Bolderaa the study examines the results of changing urban shape, pattern and scale by time.