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Objects of cultural heritage are an extremely important element in the proper functioning of the social life. They provide information on our ancestors' actions, as well as shape our culture and social awareness. It is important for the historical objects to provide those information accurately, that is without any unnecessary human intervention over the years of the monument's existence. However, it is not always possible due to the damages influencing the objects. Actions aiming at strengthening the structure ne...

Spatial zoning is regulated by numerous laws, acts of law and ordinances. On the other hand, it should reach out to meet the needs of growing cities and housing estates as well as the business sphere connected with urban areas. The limits of human settlements change constantly, their areas can grow and this invariably entails the spread of roads and road networks. Roads are essential for the economic growth of regions, but their construction often raises controversies. The localization of a transportation route so...

The carsharing of a current generation is a short-term car renting service with a capability to find in the nearest surrounding a fleet car parked anywhere in the public space where the previous user left it, as well as to book, open, rent and pay of, with the use of a dedicated mobile application. Nowadays, only a minority of municipalities is considering implementing the carsharing in their policies. The lack of awareness of decision-makers about carsharing results from the lack of a research regarding complex p...

Is it possible to learn more from the fact that cities are subject to scaling laws, than just about their complexity? It is often pointed out that along with the increase in size, some important characteristics of cities do not grow linearly but exponentially - in some cases - as in the case of infrastructure development - with an exponent smaller than one; and in some, as in the case of residents' income - with an exponent greater than one. This means that larger cities use the acquired resources more effectively...

The article presents technical solutions for the design of automated information systems that allow automating the management of municipal programs. Description of technical solutions is the content of the approach to the design of software equipment used in making managerial decisions by the municipal management authorities in the Russian Federation. A set of technical solutions can be used to prepare a technical task for the development of the system, and as a rationale in describing the characteristics of the s...

At the beginning of the XVth Century Europe was stepping away of the sacred, humanism was sweeping through the continent, starting with the Florentines and Venetians. Thus far, art had been acceptable as made for the glory of God. It is said that, at that time, the most noble art was architecture and the most noble building was the church. By the coming of Rinascimento, sacral themes were slowly being preempted by the scientific approach with the human, God and nature existing in harmony and cohesion. Italian arti...

Intercity bus communication is the most important component of local transportation in the Russian Federation. Over the past twenty years its importance in providing passenger transportation has increased immensely. The reason for this is the degradation of other means of transport and related infrastructure. Since 1990 the number of airports in Russia has decreased more than fourfold: from 1450 to 315, most of the closed airports served local transportation. Suburban rail service is unprofitable in most regions, ...

This paper considers error mechanics in architectural translation and representations. The investigation is based on two examples. First situation describes Italian architect Giacomo Leoni and published by him in instalments the first complete English language edition of Palladio's I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, which Leoni entitled The Architecture of A. Palladio, in Four Books. LeoniВ’s publication became a main tool in spreading the essence of PalladioВ’s style among British and American architects. Origina...

The European Commission has announced that Year 2018 is the European Year of Cultural Heritage /EYCH/. The undertaken activities are to boost the awareness of citizens as well as governments in terms of the creation of collective memory and identity of Europeans. The Commission’s assumption is the “abolition of borders”, or stepping beyond the territory of a given state or region and getting to know cultural heritage as the common good, fostering social integration. 600 years of history of the Radziwi??s, one...

In the Roman Empire, roads were built for trade communications: one of the branches, which took over the Alps, was called Via Sucinaria Romana and it reached the south-east coast of the Baltic Sea, where the BaltsВ’ tribes lived. In the 13th century, German knights subjugated the areas populated by the BaltsВ’ and founded regular planned cities, borrowing urban planning skills from Romans. On March 5, 1562, during the Livonian War the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Latin: Ducatus Curlandiae et Semigallia; 1562в...

Poland is at the beginning of the revitalization process, which started in 2015, when the legal framework had been provided. The revitalization process, understood as an innovative change that is based on four equally important aspects – the social, the economic, the infrastructural and the ecological ones, has been facing an important barrier in Poland. After over two decades of constant modernization, public involvement in planning is still rather symbolic. Having addressed these problems ever since 2010, a te...

The article is dedicated to the issues on implementation of cooperation between the governmental bodies of the Russian Federation (RF) regions, self-governing bodies and potential developers (investors) based on the geoinformation technologies in order to support and provide the investment construction projects in the engineer prepared territories with information and in order to improve the investment feasibility features of the RF regions. The authors viewed the results on implementation of the investment projec...

Road safety is still a highly debated issue in all developed countries with automotive traffic. All groups of participants are endangered, while drivers and motorists in motor vehicles are more or less protected by the vehicle itself, cyclists and motorcyclists are partly protected by, for example, a helmet, but pedestrians are not protected at all. The pedestrian is therefore the most vulnerable road user. The article deals with the influence of the longitudinal solution of the communication on the perspective of...

Traffic accidents and their elimination are a very current topic in today's century. Besides the human factor, design elements in the area of the roads are also affected by this problem. The article deals with the analysis of design elements in the vicinity of the roads and their impact on the occurrence of traffic accidents. Design elements, especially elements of the transport infrastructure - materials and surface, trees and vegetation, outdoor lighting, street furniture, objects and facilities for services, ob...

The article focuses on the impact of underground brown coal and lignite mining and landslides on land use. The study area is represented by the HandlovГЎ town and municipality of Cige? (Western Slovakia) which are well-known in Slovakia for subsurface mining of brown coal and lignite. Furthermore, the study area is susceptible to landslides. The first mention about brown coal surface mining is from the year 1772 (HandlovГЎ) and the year 1784 (Cige?) although industrial coal mining began in 1909. At present, active...

Contrary to the southern Europe the first signs of Renaissance in northern parts of the Holy Roman Empire as well as in Poland and Lithuania might be observed only at the beginning of the 16th century. Initially, they were created by Italian teams which came from Florence, Rome and the region of Como. One of the most recognizable marks of that process was the transfer of the Italian craftsmen and architectural solutions, e.g. the team of Bartolomeo Berreci from Florence who built the SigmundВ’s Chapel in the capit...

Detailed assessments on the feasibility of a project help to define its implementation strategies, moreover mitigating its non-quality risks. As a formal guarantee of this principle, processes concerning the construction of public works in Italy consider an ex-ante phase of the programme, which encompasses projects accompanied by feasibility checks of design alternatives. The latter, through technical, economic, managerial, etc., assessments, represents a decision-making support for the planning and design of indi...

Landscape development is a long-term process which is influenced both by natural and anthropogenic factors. Coal mining and the associated processes, such as subsidence, are in most cases the primary driving forces that influence the landscape and land use in coal mining areas. Moreover, coal mining usually triggers a series of ecological and environmental problems that may result in social and economic issues. The aim of the article is to analyze and assess land use changes, their causes and consequences in the m...

Taking into account environmental, socio-economical, health and safety aspects cycling is fastest growing sustainable mobility alternatives also in Latvian municipalities, having a growing number and diversity of cycling communication projects, but still facing a number of growth difficulties, particularly, lacking governance system development approach and having cycling practice realization fragmentation. Having yet no national framework or any overall support system, in the same time, there are to be seen cases...

Damages and losses caused by floods have been on the rise in Upper Vardar River Basin (Polog Region) over the past few years. The entire river basin experiences dramatic variations in water flows over time, and the risk of floods is also exacerbated by the basin’s mountainous topography and land structure. Human factors are also at work. Changing land use and land cover – for example, through cultivation or construction in high-risk zones, rapid urbanization and heightened erosion from logging in forests – ar...

The modern urban planning needs to be flexible and take into account the urban environment transformation during the mega-event organization process. Most of the researchers agree that, so called, mega-events have the significant influence on different aspects of the host cityВ’s life. Major of them also tend to evaluate the character and the degree of this impact. The research represents quite comprehensive data. The approaches used for selecting and grouping the impact of mega-events are chosen randomly. The aut...

Based on the researches focused on the historic trusses of the sacral buildings in Slovakia, we analysed these trusses in order to uncover their geometric concepts and proportional relations. Several trusses in Bohemia and Moravia were also analysed. The proportional relation of a truss to a building was also taken into account in some cases. The data on the principles used in historic trusses of the sacral buildings, supported with the period literature, were applied to the historic truss of the Gothic Roman-Cath...

Dynamic residential building development has observed over the recent years. It is related to increasing wealth of the society and change of the common housing model. The trend of inflow of rural population to cities is reversed, and more and more people search for a place of residence in suburban areas. Individual housing investments are characterised by a great amount of freedom in terms of both form and location. Therefore, the occurring changes lead to uncontrolled sprawl of building development known as “ur...

Engineering activity is charged with a very high risk. The engineering and construction activity is connected with a number of tasks, both planning and design as well as execution and maintenance of facilities already in use. At each stage of investment process operation they depend on a number of external and internal factors. They have a large impact on the success or failure of the investment project. When preparing the project, it is necessary to analyze the accompanying conditions. Recognizing possible threat...

The article shows how regional smart specializations that are currently the most important tool of European innovation policy may be perceived, and if effective, should constitute innovative ecosystems. The article presents the concepts of smart specializations and innovative ecosystems. The concept of innovative ecosystems is presented from the perspective of its foundation and relations to other concepts and theories. Cooperation in innovation process by varied actors is considered the major feature of both smar...

The aim of the article is to present new activities in the located in the region of southern Poland spa resorts. In Poland there are 45 spa resorts (mostly small towns and villages) half of them were developed in the southern part of Poland and many of them are interesting examples of the transformations of the urban public space in a spa resorts. Almost all those settlements are locate in the outstanding natural environment including landscapes, climate and above all in the water, confirm a number of studies and ...

The objective of the article is to present the issue of legislative incohesion between the spatial policy of the commune and issued administrative decisions, based on a specific case study. The implementation of the spatial policy included in the Study of the preconditions and guidelines of spatial development of the commune is only possible by means of local plans of spatial development. In the case of their lack, administrative decisions are issued which are not necessarily (and often are not) in accordance with...

The rate of changes and the growing uncertainty rise to the need for a strategic approach to development planning, which is active and flexible in relation to the changing reality. Strategic planning, occurring in companies, was adapted by the social-economic development planning of self-government units. However, there are difficulties in applying the strategic planning in the spatial planning and integration of the two forms of planning rarely takes place. Scientific publications focus on strategic planning of s...

Sustainable building structures are one of presumptions of long-lasting and environmental friendly urban areas. Building structures are affected by many contrary impacts within their lifetime, i.e. weather, human, animal, vegetable, fungal and environmental interventions, natural and non-natural disasters. Timely and appropriate maintenance or other remedial measures could be selected using up-to date diagnostics or monitoring methods. One of the big issues of the building sustainability can be found in durability...

The concept of an “in-between-city” (Zwischenstadt) interprets the urban sprawl in Europe as a new, evolving model of urban development, taking the form of urbanized landscapes, which does not correspond with the traditional understanding of urban design. The actual shape of an in-between-city reflects the today’s technology and economy generating new lifestyles: global trends coexist with the locality in a strong relation. The qualification process concordant with the new logic of space creation requires new...

The article draws attention to the social transformation in the fourteenth century and the beginning of the fifteenth century in Florence. During this time, the position of the guild gradually decreased, and the wealth and importance of patricians grew. The increase in the financial capacity of the townspeople has contributed to the rise of their ambitions. Some of them were aspiring to the role of aristocracy. The only barrier was their origin. Cosimo de 'Medici called В‘the ElderВ’ was a merchant, banker and hum...

The Vistula Delta is unique region of water domination. In this part of Europe, historic rural assumptions have been developing since the 12th century. Practically, it can be said that most of the systems were related to the coexistence of the human and the water element. Relations of water and land, developed specific types of villages such as a water-based village. Water landscape; polders, canals, dikes and rivers, hydro-technical constructions and drainage windmills were similar to Friesland in the Netherlands...

The article compares the buildings of historical campuses of four technical universities located in areas related to Polish culture. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, several new technical universities were established in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1844, the Technical Academy was opened in Lviv. In 1899, the Russian who were occupying the east and central part of Poland established the Polytechnic Institute in Warsaw. Soon after two technical universities were established in the eastern part of Pruss...

Modern airports and their surroundings are constantly changing, as does the form and functions of contemporary cities. So far, the public awareness associated airports with the place of plane landing, functioning of control towers and other facilities used for air transport. Currently, this traditional model gives way to the idea of the so-called air cities. This idea is based on the assumption that in addition to own infrastructure and services, the airport also develops additional services, not related to air, w...

In 2010 the municipality of Senigallia, located in Marche region (Italy),requested to thethe Department of Agricultural Sciences together with the Department of TerritorialPlanning of the Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna and in collaboration with four architects, two agronomists and communaltechnicians to draft the Green Masterplan (GM) of the city. Aim of the request was to promote a neat, homogeneous and sustainable development of the territory and improve the quality of life and the wellness of its inhabitants. ...

The development and growth of the autonomy of the regions implies an increase in their degree of recognition, related to the increase of international economic relations and trade. One of these options is a free economic zone, as a particular type of state (or private) regulation of international economic relations and trade. Free economic zones around the world must include free - commercial, port, economic, banking - or duty - free shops and warehouses. Generally, they are designed to stimulate industrial export...

In the era of ever-faster transformation of city space, people need a "green" oasis to rest, relax or improve health. The therapeutic effect of various forms of greenery is associated with the human healthiness. The feeling of spirituality during contact with green space in the metaphysical sense is also important. Green areas are both, a place for rest and contemplation (psychological aspect), as well as they improve concentration and physical condition, but also "refresh" the mind. Green areas are an integral pa...

Electrical lighting solutions affect the functioning of contemporary cites at a night-time. Urban lighting is associated with vision, provision of information and security as well as with the intelligent technologies. The amount, the appearance of light and its setup can significantly affect human behaviours and contribute tomajor spatial changes. This article verifies how emerging lighting technologies correspond with a design of the built environmentand how they may improve the robustness and resilience of a con...

In the context of an increased traffic volume and number of pedestrians on the streets and roads, we can observe an increase in the number of road traffic accidents involving road users, particularly children and adolescents. Children and adolescents get involved in road traffic accidents mainly due to ignorance of the rules of safe behavior on the streets and roads or traffic violations, as they do not comprehend the consequences of these violations. Therefore, it is very important to develop a sense of disciplin...

Construction of various types of buildings and engineering structures invariably interferes, although to different degrees, with the surrounding environment. Every development project is executed in a strictly delineated area and under specific conditions. While planning a construction project, the investor is obligated to analyze several variants of its execution, including an assessment of different effects it may have on the environment. The investor can evaluate the impact on the surrounding ecosystems, in its...

In history of architecture and urban planning, there are examples of theoretical projects that had much higher impact on history of building construction art than actual buildings realized by authors of such theoretical projects. During 10th Architecture Biennale in Venice, in 2006, Italian architects presented an original concept of city VEMA, located near Verona and Mantua, positioned on a cross axis along Lisbon–Kiev and Berlin–Palermo line. The model of the ideal city that has crystalized in theoretical ar...

The aim of the article is to study ways of the implementation of the strategy of the economic diversification in countries – major oil exporters. It is well-known that the expansion of non-oil sources of added value is the main guideline of the economic diversification and decreasing the dependency on oil revenues in the developing countries – oil exporters. Many economists recommend to such states rapid privatization and reduction of the government participation in the economy as almost the only way of the di...