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A growing number of areas of daily lives are increasingly affected by robotics. In the European Union (hereinafter: EU) the fast-evolving field of robotics initiated public debate regarding legal framework for the robots. In order to ensure that robots are and will remain in the service of humans, some key legal issues such as human physical safety, liability exposure and privacy/data protection need to be resolved. If we take an example of liability issue, the question is can we hold robots liable for damage when...

Foreign investment in the modern world is an incentive for the development of the economy and society. The sustainable development of economic systems requires periodic inflows of investment and capital. Investment is a tool for the development not only of enterprises but also of States. However, the process of development of investment activity in the world was quite difficult. States have chosen different methods regulation of investment activity. If we take into account the fact that a significant number of inv...

The purpose of this study is to analyze such a phenomenon as plagiarism and possible measures, which are taken to combat it. Considering the definition «scientific fraud» we assume that the main components of this phenomenon are plagiarism and falsification of research data. Today plagiarism and appropriation authorship had become quite common phenomena. Plagiarism as a phenomenon has a fairly long history but not at all times and not in all states the practice of such act was denounced. Today in many countries of...

Despite Poland’s ratification of all major international space law treaties, except the 1979 moon treaty, it has not implemented these norms in internal legal order. It is therefore quite difficult to discuss unlegislated national space law. The only domestic reference to space law is the Act establishing the Polish Space Agency and Polish Space Strategy, but this Act is not legislative. Although Poland has many obligations resulting from membership in the European Union (since 2004) and the European Space Agency ...

The direction I chose for my research applicable to 5th International Multidisciplinary Conference on Science and Arts considers the future of the freedom of religion especially in the modern world with the influence of scientific innovation. I am studying the relationship of religious law and public law. The international human rights regimes such as the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights all call for equal human rights without discrimination based on race, ...

The number of offences committed by minors remains consistently high. According to data of the State Police of the Republic of Latvia, in 2016 the number of juvenile offences grew slightly from the previous year: 907 offences by minors were recorded in 2016, and the number of minors who committed offences increased. [1] The fight against juvenile crime is a set of complex measures, including both fight and prevention. Complex measures are implemented by state and municipal officials, who have certain duties define...

Many issues are connected with the ecological security of the state. This institution is a good example of the complexity of the relationship between the instruments of legal protection of the environment that create it. The aim of this paper is to consider the connections between planning instruments related to the functioning of the legal institution of ecological security in the system of environmental law. In the process of implementing environmental policy in the Polish State, ensuring ecological security, a ...

The efficiency and time saving constantly are actual subjects of the civil procedures and for solutions of civil disputes. The civil procedural principles and procedural sanctions are those aspects which should ensure the efficiency of hearing of civil disputes in courts. The author of this article is civil rights lawyer and has of many years standing practice experience. This article analysis the procedural principles and instruments which one are stipulated in civil procedural law in Republic of Latvia and Repub...

The research paper analyses the concept of legal liberalism as the framework for the existence of freedom in modern constitutional states. The genesis of the concept of legal liberalism originates from the works of ancient philosophers, who used to create various theories of ideal states. However, an in-depth analysis of this issue was carried out by great German philosophers Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel. In Russia, a number of prominent scholars, such as Boris Chicherin, Pavel Novgorodtsev and many others, also ...

Direct democracy as a concept of empowering citizens by enabling them to directly decide on matters of significant state importance became a very popular and catchy slogan in Poland, similarly to other Central and Eastern European countries, in the early 1990s when the process of constitutional transformation began. Direct democracy was perceived in this context as an instrument of legitimizing the activities of state authorities, such as, above all, the adoption of a new constitution. In Poland, not only the inst...

In modern world, large metropolises are beginning to play an increasingly important role. It also applies to many Polish cities. In Poland carrying out metropolisation process, understood as creating special solutions for metropolitan areas in the form of large urban agglomerations, that are facilities of various networks (transport, scientific, economic) and development centres, is not satisfactory. Initiatives to ensure management of metropolitan areas have been undertaken for a long time, but still without achi...

A four-year research project on the protection of the more vulnerable party, supported by the National Scientific Research Foundation (K-120158), has been driven by the notion of flexicurity, which the Commentary of the Hungarian Labour Code also refers to. According to this the main question of the research shall be how the provisions of the Labour Law Code (in force since 01.07.2012.) protect the more vulnerable party, ie. employee. The examination of the Hungarian labour law provisions happens in six different ...

The present article shall be devoted to the analysis of the regulation on the resolution of sports related disputes by the United States Olympic Committee (hereinafter referred to as “the USOC”). The research is made in the frames of the author’s doctoral study on alternative disputes resolution methods for resolving sports related disputes. The research is based on empirical-analytical group of the research methodology. The following sections shall be presented: the introduction; the role and functions of the USO...

Human trafficking has been and unfortunately in many societies continues to be one of the main issues that law enforcement institutions are being faced with. The negative sides of human trafficking are generally known, nut on the other hand building appropriate strategies to combat human trafficking has proven to be very difficult, even in developed societies. When it comes to the Republic of Macedonia, the situation is even more complex, having in mind that human trafficking is not a topic being generally discuss...

The aim of this article is to clarify doubts arising on the grounds of the application of the legal provisions normalizing the forms of legal acts where the necessary component is as follows: a handwritten signature on the document constituting a statement of will of the person submitting this document. The problems regarding the signature usually refer to the following issues: what should the signature express, is it sufficient to only indicate the surname, should the signature be legible, what shape of letters i...

The change of the social establishment in 1989 paved the way for the large groups of population to the entrepreneurship. The economic theory considers the entrepreneurship to be the basic tool for the economic development of every state. However, the main issue for every beginning entrepreneur is the choice of convenient legal form of entrepreneurship. General commercial partnership and limited partnership representing the types of personal trading companies have their origin in German and Austrian commercial law....

The main aim of the article is to study and analyze the theoretical and practical issues of the trust essence, including the Continental law system countries, and what future development could be in Latvia taking into the account practice of the another European countries. Within the process of the research Latvian and foreign legal acts were analyzed, case – law were used and literature in Latvian, English, Russian, German, French and some other languages were looked through. There are used comparative, historica...

Proceedings in cases related to the violation of public finance discipline include ordered sequence of activities, that compose a process aimed to decide by competent authorities about liability for such violation. These proceedings are important part of polish public financial system which are based on the act of 17 December 2004 on the liability for violation of public finance discipline and also polish legal solutions are unique in the world financial and legal solutions. Primary research purpose formulated in ...

In the doctrine and judicial practice, it has been stated that the performance of the obligations stipulated in synallagmatic contracts must be made simultaneously by both parties. Therefore, the refusal of one of the contracting parties to perform its own obligations breaks the balance that must exist between the reciprocal performances of synallagmatic contracts so that the other party is also entitled to cease performing its own obligations. Thus, the exception of non-performance consists in the possibility for...

An inalienable content of a state of law, which is Latvia, is the protection and enforcement of rights and legitimate interests of the individual, especially in relation to enforcement of rights of persons, involved in criminal procedure. Freedom of the individual, his/her rights and guarantees are increasing and it is also a characteristic of the criminal procedure. Latvia is a full member of the European Union. To issues of enforcement of human rights are paid special attention and attempts are made to change ra...

Poor people with unsecured position or low-income must always have opportunities to maintain their rights in courts of justice. The ability to use free legal assistance is particularly important for people under criminal prosecution. Criminal procedure is the sphere of state activity, which can cause maximum limitation of a human rights, and its results can influence the whole human life. International legal acts, both global and local fortify not only the right of suspected and accused person to use attorney’s he...

The improvement of the procedural guarantees of the inviolability of the person in the criminal procedure of Latvia in involving person as accused is associated with the further change of the legal regulation of issues, related to the determination of the grounds and after taking a decision, concerning the involvement as accused and lodging of charges, as well as the rights and obligations of the accused. Without lodging of charges, without the availability of persons in the criminal procedure, in respect of whom ...

Judiciary represents the only way for settling all kinds of disputes in a modern state. The ability of judiciary to settle disputes in a reasonable and acceptable time has become endangered owing to the complication in ways of life and the increasing and overlapped disputes. Consequently, the problem of slow pace of litigation and that of inefficiency of judgments have arisen. These two phenomena are too dangerous and threaten justice. Further; they strip the right of litigation guaranteed by constitution of its v...

The change of party to the dispute presents an institute that allows one party (either a plaintiff or a defendant) to withdraw from the proceedings in the course of civil litigation, whereas someone else is thereby allowed to enter into the proceedings and replace the former party. For a court to permit the change of party, though, a legal regulation requires that a legal fact, resulting in the transfer or assignment of rights or duties that constitute the cause of action, occurs only after the commencement of the...

Mediation is one of the means of the alternative dispute resolution methods with the participation of one or more mediators who support communication between the parties to the conflict in order to help them reach a friendly solution to their conflict by concluding a mediation agreement. The mediator therefore does not enforce the resolutions, he does not decide the dispute between the parties, because mediation assumes that the parties are able to solve the conflict themselves and are able to judge their individu...

The aim of the article is to present the arguments in favour of awarding full legal capacity to underage mothers. Acquiring full legal capacity by an underage mother would result in her gaining the status of an adult, thus allowing her to exercise parental authority over the child. This would result in expiry of the parental authority hitherto exercised over the mother by her parents. The research method applied to achieve the aim of the research was the dogmatic analysis of the applicable law, carried out with co...

For some kinds of users, the map is not only the possibility but also the necessity; among these belong people with visual impairments, for which, however, the conventional map is insufficient. The tactile cartography is a part of cartographic science that deals with the creation of maps, plans, globes and other geovisualization products specially made for the perception by touch. Tactile cartography has to significantly simplify the presented reality with regard to the possibility of recognizing symbols on the ma...

In numerous international and national documents, the protection of human life is grounded with the utmost gravity and authority. An individual´s right for health is protected and prioritized in all modern national legal systems as a fundamental human right. The paper critically reviews the content of safety when providing health care. Security is of high value to society and individuals. Insuring safety and security entails providing stable institutional framework by which individual needs can be met. The paper p...

The article is devoted to the complex consideration of the problem of health protection as one of the most important directions of the social policy of the modern state. Noting the social orientation of the majority of democratic states, the authors point to the inextricable link between the notions of social assistance and health protection. This conclusion they draw on the basis of analysis of international and domestic legal acts. In the study of the question of the place and role of health in the structure of ...

The legal contractual obligations in comparative law have been regulated in various demeanours. A unified regulation system prevails, upon which both, commercial contracts and civil contracts are regulated by a unified normative legal act. This concept prevails in modern legislation due to the increasing dynamics of movement of goods and services, and it has allowed for the infiltration of numerous civil law rules into the commercial law therein. Contracts, being specific agreements provide for movement of goods a...

In this paper the author deals with the legal and practical analysis of the constitutional principle of presumption of innocence in the Republic of Macedonia. The presumption of innocence is a universally accepted human right that prohibits guilty plea to the accused. The presumption of innocence enables the accused to have an active role in the judicial process. It is the obligation of the public prosecutor to prove the guilty of the accused, not the obligation of the accused to prove his/her innocence. Only the ...

Administrative authorities and autonomous administrative authorities are public institutions included in the administrative system of the state. Each of these two types of authorities aim at enforcing laws and ensuring the proper development of the social environment. Administrative and autonomous administrative authorities have a joint purpose; however, they are different through various elements that reflect their very essence. From a time-related perspective, autonomous administrative authorities are legal enti...

The article offers an analysis of (legal) custom within Roman law and describes its different roles and functions. A customary law represents the oldest formal sources of law in human history. It was created by conduct of people who believed that they are obliged to follow rules created by repetitive continual action. It was dominant form of law in the archaic period of Roman law, but some of its remnants were persevered during whole existence of Roman Empire and beyond. The research is based on textual and histor...

Terrorism is one of the greatest threats of modern times. Following September 11, it has especially imposed great fear and concern around the world. This paper will discuss the fight against terrorism by the world's largest organization, the United Nations, as the fight against this phenomenon has not proved successful by states individually. The fight against terrorism by the UN will be addressed by dealing with legal aspects including international legal mechanisms and instruments to combat terrorism. Additional...

Slander is one of four offences codified in Chapter XXVII of the Polish Criminal Code – ‘Offences against Honour and Personal Inviolability’ in Article 212. This is one of the few crimes where prosecution is initiated by private motion. The aggrieved party must submit and support an indictment in the capacity of a private prosecutor and collect all possible evidence necessary to proceed in instituting criminal proceedings. While convicted perpetrators are liable to a fine or restriction of liberty, current legisla...

In economic relations, the equality of the parties is purely of formal nature at times, especially in the case of entering into the legal relationship with a professional whose capital and information position is implicitly stronger than the position of a non-professional contractual partner. When offering goods and services to the consumers, the entrepreneurs are encumbered with many domestic or supranational duties (for example obligation to provide information). However, the practical examples prove that the co...

The Romanian Civil Code entered into force in 2011 has stipulated, inter alia, a unified regulation of the private law, in line with the similar provisions of European law. Although it represents the common law in matters related to companies, the legal provisions governing in detail the companies are found in the Companies Law. Thus, these provisions lay down the types of companies, as well as their functioning and management. The joint stock company may be managed differently, either in the unitary system or the...

Speaking of constitution nowadays, the communist approach, i.e. treating it as a unilateral act of state power defining the obligations of the citizens and undertaken with little public participation, must be rejected. Such a concept of a constitution, assumed, already at its adoption, that the citizens remain passive in the process of implementation and subsequent realisation of its ideas. Additionally, saturating the constitution with ideological elements gave it the nature of a political declaration. In contras...

The interests of legal entities in Macedonia are protected by notaries. The notary services in Macedonia are adopted by the Law on the Notary. By accomplishing these services, the legitimate interests of natural and legal persons are also protected and on the other hand the legal certainty is created due to the nature of the notarized documents. With regard to this, the role of the notary comes into expression upon its creation, alteration and revoking of the legal relations. The legal relations are also created d...

Intra party democracy is of great importance for political parties worldwide for many reasons, perhaps one of the main significant one having to do with their capacities to build functional democracies in the contemporary world. There is a sufficient body of theoretical knowledge on intra party democracy in general. Besides this, much has been researched on intra party democracy around the world, but when it comes to the Republic of Macedonia researchers have barely “screeched the surface” of such a complex issue....

The justice system must be independent and unbiased and in accordance with international standards and not serve as an instrument to protect the politics of power and business structures and politics related to power holders. Therefore, the whole country should have inclusive reforms in judicial power and prosecution as a precondition for restoring citizens’ trust, institutions that will guarantee that the executive and legislative power do their functions in accordance to legal acts and international standards. T...

The purpose of this article was to analyse the premises of gross ingratitude, allowing the donor to revoke their donation pursuant to the provisions of the Polish Civil Code. The term "gross ingratitude" is an indeterminate phrase referring to moral norms and leaving it to the court to establish whether the particular conduct of the donee justifies the donor revoking the donation. The fact that the deed of donation is very often used in the legal practice - especially in family relationships, as a manifestation of...

Foreign Exchange Act of 27 July 2002 with numerous executive acts constitutes the system of Polish exchange law. Along with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and The Act on the National Bank of Poland it delineates a particular position of the National Bank of Poland. The research purpose of the present paper is the analysis of those legal regulations which indicate the role and responsibilities of the National Bank of Poland in the sphere of foreign exchange. Pursuant to Art. 52 of The Act on the Nationa...

The article is an analysis of the relevance of such problems of the Russian legal doctrine and practice as a provision of the collective interests in the field of public health. Taking into account the paramount importance of health as a factor determining the quality of life, the authors emphasize the special role of social mechanisms for the protection and promotion of health. The most effective mechanism is similar, in their opinion, is a legal mechanism, the essence of which is to give the protection of health...

Space law is a branch of international law, and the five major treaties that oblige States to implement space law in their national legal order have many stipulations. Most states have now initiated Acts which regulate space laws, space strategies and space policies. The UN countries can be divided into three groups; states that fully implemented international space law in their domestic legislation, states that partly implemented these norms and those who have not legislated space law or this legislation is other...

The goal of the criminal and procedural law of (Latvia) consists in the establishment of such an order of the criminal procedure, which provides the effective use of the norms of the Latvian criminal law and fair settlement of the criminal and procedural relations without undue interference in private life. For the achievement of appointment of the criminal procedure within a reasonable time, it is important for the person, directing the process, the investigator, the procurator, the judge to make legal and ground...

At first, the article concentrates on the rules defined for fiscal policy and public finance in general and then deals with concrete cases. Fiscal policy is implemented by the government, respectively Ministry of Finance through public budgets, especially the state budget. Fiscal policy, however, is burdened by direct political influence compared to, for example, monetary policy. The article analyzes the situation in the Czech Republic and examines how the rules should be defined and embedded in legal documents in...

Persons with mental disabilities are one of the most vulnerable groups of society. Lives of these persons are often characterized by stigmatization and social exclusion, therefore they are more exposed to risk of violations of fundamental human rights. As parents, these persons are faced with many challenges, and the problem that may arise and which will be analyzed in this paper concerns possible collision on the one hand parent's right to privacy and confidentiality of his/her medical data and information relate...

The article is focused on the Labeo´s conflicting theory about ownership to newly created island in a river stream and detects its reasoning, aims and philosophical sources of inspiration. A question of insula in flumine nata represents traditional issue of the Roman law things. Such island was considered to belong to private individual(s) who owns the nearest shores of river by most of the sources. However, there is one fragment of Labeo (D 41,1,65,4) which states that such island should belong to public. The res...

Judicial inquiry process, an important place belongs to a predictive function, socio-legal processes and phenomena development trends to predict. Criminology as legal science subsector is particularly characterized prognostic methods of providing the overall crime situation, a separate offense and shape changes. Law enforcement authorities should be prepared to respond to the criminogenic situation and the process of change. We would like to believe not to experience the to-morrow’s criminal grimaces, and more the...