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Commerce at large format facilities is a creation whose genetic analysis covers areas of many fields. It is impossible to miss the amount of emotions as well as changes it causes which must be a result of some influential phenomenon. This influence constitutes a source of knowledge on the architecture of modern stores. Thus, the phenomenological approach to the problem of space for commerce that rejects historical facts and all warning information does not allow to gather sufficient data for real and useful conclu...

This study aims to identify new patterns that occurred in multi-family high-density housing of urban areas in Romania, and to analyze local trends in comparison with European trends. The paper explores historical housing policies, their relation to European trends, and current housing policies as well as new types of multi-family housing built in the last decade in Romania. The main concern was to research the manifestation of new architectural patterns in multifamily residential buildings in Romania and to verify...

The melancholic and changeable character of the Baltic Sea has often been used in the painting of the romantic period. The sea and its beaches were also an important composition element as well as a supplement of Baltic coastal gardens which were founded in West Prussia in the 19th century. Gardens set up on the coast used various moods of nature, as well as extensive and beautiful sea landscapes, often leading to nostalgia. The spectacle of the sea was becoming an element of a park: a real element – a spatial par...

Medieval fortified castles occupy a place of their own in the collective conscious of society, being constantly present in the world of our imagination due to their expressive place in the landscape. After a period of greatness in the Middle Ages, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries there occurred a decrease in the military significance of castles. The contemporary role of medieval castles appears to be that of a status of tourist attractions and this necessitates their adaptation to this function. The forms ...

Background The article presents a study of the problem of the comprehensiveness of information and aid in terms of shaping sustainable residential development projects. The study employed the point of view of the users of sustainable developments in Poland and in the Netherlands on this matter. When beginning the process of shaping one's own residential development project, users who show a willingness and need to adopt the rules of sustainable architecture expect reliable information and aid in terms of planning ...

Monument has accompanied architecture for ages. From the first civilizations to the twentieth century people erected buildings related to memory, religion or politics, giving them an appropriately serious/solemn style. They expressed social and cultural aspirations. Today, there are no styles and rules in architecture. Yet, we still need to express the greatness, dignity and uniqueness, arousing awe and admiration for buildings. Hence the monumental architecture probably still exists. The subject of research conce...

The aim of this article is an analysis of relations within urban and architectural composition and the meanings that are conveyed by selected elements of these spatial layouts on the example of completed university libraries in Charlottesville and Vienna, as well as the municipal library in Stockholm. Using the three previously mentioned buildings as a reference, the author performed an analysis of two and three-dimensional urban composition, an analysis of the architectural form of each building, as well as of th...

The purpose of this article is to confirm the thesis that the planning of lighting and illumination is a factor increasing the attractiveness of the night landscape, which significantly improves the quality of life and is positively viewed by the residents and visitors. The author presents new artistic trends in night landscape development, aimed at protecting the historical heritage and local identity of cities, as well as shaping their contemporary image by creating (or updating) planning concepts within the con...

Today's society is at the junction of two great challenges: the desire to preserve and carry on the values of the past, materialized in heritage sites and the application of all the measures known at present, to ensure high living standard from the point of view of thermal comfort and energy efficiency. These two directions are often found to contradict each other and even end up rejecting each other. To take care of the values of the past, it means applying clear rules in the processes of rehabilitation, restorat...

This paper represents an integrated urban design and social management model which transforms the maintenance of urban public green areas into an urban activity and encourages the students and other citizens to carry out activities by means of a shared, planned, scheduled and regionalist method within the cities. The aim of the study is to explore the potential of education regarding the sustainability of urban public green areas and the appropriation of urban green spaces to generate environmental consciousness. ...

In the end of the 31 century BC, the Egyptian rulers at the south part of the Upper Nile began build small tombs in the desert to preserve the ownership of the gold rich territory for their heirs. A significant change in the spatial pattern of those buildings took place during the construction of the huge necropolis of the King Djoser, dedicated to an anniversary of the his reign. Using of small stone blocks instead of mud-bricks allowed the transformation of the traditional barrow in the huge six-level pyramidal ...

Features of architecture of Abkhazian medieval one-apsidal hall temples are presented in this article. A small one-nave church is easy to build and it was important in the conditions of a need for fast and universal construction of temples. It is a reflection of local architectural preferences and the construction equipment as the local masters could build such temples, not owning difficult technologies of arch building. Besides, by means of a gradual extension of additional rooms the one-apsidal church was easy t...

The paper focuses on the so-called Berlin school and its role in urban and architectural realizations in the period of the historicism. The present study was covered the eastern areas of Prussia, currently located in the boundaries of Poland. The following cities were analyzed: Berlin, Szczecin, Pozna? and Wroc?aw, which in the first half of the 19th century underwent a process of intense changes in urban planning and architecture. The scientific literature of subject and research of archival materials in the coll...

Developing adequate methods for stocktaking of landscape resources and for assessment of the landscape is a key issue for its proper preservation and shaping, which are determinant actions conditioning sustainable development and spatial order. The need to develop a method for assessing the cultural landscape, adapted to contemporary ways of defining its attractiveness (considering not only aesthetic or utilitarian but also social and emotional aspects), is clearly visible in the context of the dynamics of the cul...

Knowledge takes many forms and shapes. Usually we associate our gathering of information and knowledge by what is transmitted in books and text. But it is often through our visual heritage that we perceive and build a notion of world and space around us. According to J.B. Harley [1] there has probably always been a natural impulse to create maps. Cartographic maps are historically synonymous of power, since geographic representation and knowledge in them concentrated influences, moved reigns, borders, and controll...

The aim of this article is to present descriptive geometry, which quickly reached the Polish lands. First lecture was held at the Warsaw School of Artillery and Engineering in 1809-1812, by a French teacher Jan Joachim Livet (1809-12). The new discipline was quickly adopted in all major centers of Polish science at that time, which include university cities - Warsaw, Krakow, Vilnius and the Krzemieniec Lyceum, which represent high level of teaching. In each of the existing universities, efforts were made to create...

The diffusion and development of digital technologies had radically changed the way in which museums and cultural institutions offer content to the public. In this regard, the academic field has been discussed about the connection between the Design discipline and Cultural Heritage for several years; this is due to the profound transformations faced in both Design and Cultural Heritage areas. Through the description of two different pro-jects we intend to highlight the problem of technology, which does not represe...

Bridges in urban areas often constitute architectural dominant features of particular cities. In general, while an arrangement of bridges in rural areas prefers technical points of view, in case of urban bridges esthetical or architectural perspective plays important role as well. It causes non-unified solutions and more complicated structures, frequently with very knotty details. Such structures cannot be monitored using conventional methods as shown in an example of the fallen footbridge in Prague recently. The ...

Water, as one of the fundamental elements of nature, has been used to decorate the spaces of cities since ancient times. Water features refer to associations with nature, thanks to which they elicit positive experiences among the users of urban space, as well as a feeling of relaxation and a pleasant sensation of being in contact with nature. The article presents the process of the influence of water features within urban space on the human senses and on the possibilities of producing specific sensory and emotiona...

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the reception of patterns of residential architecture in the residential buildings of the lower social layer (peasantry) inhabiting rural areas in Prussia in the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century. The area covered by research, in terms of territory, is the state of Prussia, or more strictly the Kingdom of Prussia in its basic form, in which it functioned throughout the 19th century and is currently located within the borders of the Polish state. The ...

The text investigates new phenomena emerging in the field of social memory and commemoration in contemporary Poland. On the basis of field analyses, case studies and theoretical, transdisciplinary approaches, the paper discusses the issue of contemporary memoryscapes in eastern Poland (Bialystok and Lublin). These emerging forms of remembrance are the result of the sophisticated interplay between different actors involved in the social discourse of memory: witnesses and their testimonies, historical artefacts, arc...

The article shows the relationship between the characteristics of the post-modern society, and the development of media architecture with the function of interactivity. In this context, the duality of the features of post-modern society was emphasized: taking into account its location between creativity and consumerism, as well as on the border between the real and virtual word. The development of media architecture has been linked also to the city development models derived from the Smart City concepts, open to i...

The paper discusses the adverse acoustic phenomena occurring in the semi-open interi-ors (courtyards, yards) covered with a glass roof. Particularly negative is the reverbera-tion noise, which leads to the degradation of the utility functions of the resulting spaces. It involves the drastically reducing the intelligibility of speech, loss of natural sounding of music, problems with the sound system, as well as disturbances in the voice alarm system operation. The work refers to historic interiors, where preservati...

Municipal school is the second home for our children where they learn the material and spiritual values, where their intellectual development is formed. When designing such a construction site, in addition to the anti-terrorism protection, which is topical today, it is necessary to create systems of engineering and technical support of the building at a high level, to which, in the present paper, we propose application of energy-efficient technology for delivering natural light to rooms with permanent presence of ...

The turn of the 21th century has presented a new, significant phase in the functioning of the villas built in the suburban districts of Gda?sk around 100 years ago. Current favorable economic and political circumstances have contributed to an intensification of building investments, including conservation work on historical buildings. Establishing a general conservational concept for the historical villas requires an in-depth analysis of the historical sources and architectural research due to the frequent and sig...

For a long time the interest in environmentally friendly materials in architecture is no longer limited to the use of renewable and natural substances such as wood, stone, straw, or reusable materials, such as metals or glass. Today the so-called naturals and the materials compatible with the idea of sustainability constantly appear on the market in new forms. Increasing awareness of the necessity to limit the building sector’s negative impact on the environment at all possible levels changed the way designers, ar...

Background: “The first obligation of urbanism is to come into accord with the fundamental needs of men. (…) The sun must penetrate every dwelling several hours a day even during the season when sunlight is most scarce. (…) Builders must be required to submit a diagram showing that the sun will penetrate each dwelling for a minimum of two hours on the day of the winter solstice, failing which, the building permit will be denied. To introduce the sun is the new and most imperative duty of the architect.” In July 201...

The article presents studies and numerical simulations on modeling snow influence on TAURON ARENA suspended roof structure in Cracow. The scope of work includes experimental tests, functions solutions taking into account various cases of snow impact according to PN and EC, as well as numerical simulations for the sport and entertainment arena in the Czyzyny district. The FEM roof structure model developed in the SOFISITK software consists of bar and surface elements. The structure is made of bar elements, whereas ...

The paper presents the multi-criteria approach in the design process of residential structure as a part of a multifunctional building system. The purpose of work was to broaden the field of multifunctional building system design process. Background for the presented work is to define the direction of architectural growth of the modern city center area where actually are built complex and large capacity structures with a great impact on the total urban structure. The methodology depends on the analysis of the multi...

Sustainable both rural and urban roads need appropriate engineering design. Behavior of pavement unbound layers and subsoil can be predicted within either standardized laboratory tests or tests in situ. The first option brings inexactness caused by sampling and test presumptions. The second one takes lot of time and money and in case of reconstruction blockades traffic which is often unacceptable mainly in urban areas. Full-scale laboratory testing can bring useful combination of both of approaches, i.e. tests are...

Compared to the separate production of electric and thermal energy from conventional sources of fuels, their combined generation in a Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP), produces a primary energy saving of at least 10%. This savings can also be translated by a proper reduction of pollution caused by combustion of fuels and thus by contributing to maintaining sustainable development. However, there are also situations where cogeneration can be extended to produce many more forms of useful energy, using the same ma...

The subject of this paper is the design of a modern Buddhist retreat center in the West, which presents and unites both the traditional foundations of the Eastern Buddhist culture and the conditions of the modern Western world. The paper answers the question if it is possible to fully transmit through architecture and landscape design the essence of the Buddhist culture to the modern European surrounding, without losing the root of its ritual background. Because of the increasing popularity of Buddhism in the West...

The dynamic analysis of the railway bridge in Tczew was carried out in the article as an example of such bridges adaptation suitability to handle high-speed trains. Calculations of railway bridges are greatly complicated and labor-consuming. The bridge model and a rolling stock passage simulation were developed in the SOFISTIK software. Three types of elements were used for the correct mapping of the structure in the calculation model: beam element (BEAM), surface element (QUAD), truss element (TRUSS). The beam el...

The article deals with a study focused on the production of products with an emphasis on the use of environmentally friendly and recycled materials. Eco-design and the environmentally friendly product lifecycle are being increasingly taken into account and given greater emphasis considering the limited raw material resources of the planet. The properties that must be met by newly selected material were determined by the material analysis of selected products and their components. It was not just for the sake of ex...

We got already used to the fact that adapted industrial architecture is a reliable architectural setting for a museum or a cultural centre. Former industrial objects have the ability to provide expected architectural expression/expressiveness together with optimal functionality. The characteristic schematic profile of a factory as well as museum of art - saw-tooth roof signifies a part of genetics the mentioned types of buildings have in common. It is a large and variable space with optimal natural lighting. Howev...

Medieval towns, besides featuring a typical urban-architectural layout originating from medieval locations, were equipped with a characteristic repertoire of public facilities, such as the town hall, stalls, the town church, monastery complexes, hospitals, guild buildings, department stores. Such an organized socio-spatial area defended the defensive walls against numerous threats in those times. Despite the defortification carried out in the 18th and 19th centuries, many European towns have preserved their defens...

The article presents characteristic features of this type of buildings on the example of old and modern Orthodox churches of the borderland area. Their ideological message and spatial and functional shape are revealed in comparison with the traditional archaeological and symbolic structures of Orthodox churches that are considered canonical. They are also evaluated in terms of their liturgical servitude. The newly created temples, using traditional spatial and liturgical arrangements and at the same time the conve...

From the earliest times, the man tried to find ways to reduce the stress level and to find ways to relax physical, mental and spiritual. The sauna is one of most renowned method for its healing properties. There are many types of saunas, the most known are the finnish traditional sauna and the infrared sauna; the last one, because of the technology used, is the most up to date. A new concept appeared few years ago in the infrared saunas domain, and that is the usage of a chromotherapy during the sesion. The infrar...

Designing ships is no mean achievement. In the old days, constructors focused on making their ships visually appealing, while paying scant regard to the living conditions of the crew. Such an approach reflected the state of the art in ship building at the time as well as the social order prevalent in those days. A breakthrough came no earlier than at the turn of the 19th / 20th centuries. The industrial revolution brought along advances in technology and contributed to greater social awareness. The living conditio...

This paper took as reference the master’s dissertation “In-between times: plastic and environmental dialogue between eighteenth-century architecture and the Rio de Janeiro Saint Benedict’s School project, (1967-69), a reflection of historical memories and commentaries” [1]. Memories of the architect are rescued, as well as historical references from the project of the Rio de Janeiro Saint Benedict’s School, 1967-69. The variance of the documentary image researched in photos, croquis and blueprints stimulated the m...

The aim of the study is to capture the relationship between the revival of a region and the space that the human inhabits. Owing to unlimited computing power and broad access to information, anyone can make many decisions in a short time. With many communication channels and automation of activities, these decisions will be passed on without any human intervention. The internet enables long-distance communication; we can study and learn from the best even with a limited budget. With internet, running e-commerce, m...

Throughout its history, architecture has been created according to the signs memorised for years. From the time of Vitruvius and his theory to the beginning of the twentieth century, buildings were given a perfect shape corresponding to their function. Banks and governmental buildings were to be monumental, the rulers’ seats to intimidate the subjects with their splendour. The great avant-garde of the early twentieth century liberates art and architecture from memorised patterns. The contemporary world changes the...

In numerous regions of the world there are artificial mounds, pyramids or earth embankments that distinguish themselves from the surrounding due to their intentional shape pointing to the existence of sacred sites, burial places or the boundaries of protected space. A large number of them refers to the archetype of the mountain, understood as a timeless monumental form rising up to this particular point where the earthly sphere meets the heavenly one. The paper presents the new meanings of the most recognisable la...

Constantly changing environment pressures every living for a change, and response becomes a basic reaction of any living form. Change is a natural reaction that enables survivor of all the species. However, in architecture, the responsive structure did not take important role until the twentieth century. During that time many concepts and building introduced kinematics into the discipline. In the late 50 and 60 of XX century, visionary architects introduced responsive and partly autonomous structure. Designers lik...

Today, much of the power of computation comes not only from digitality, but from the ability of computers to ‘represent’ things. So that as it always be in the past, nowadays representation still has a potential to create its own world. In contradiction to engineers who implement digitality as ‘know it when they see it’, the philosophy of representation offers more complicated and multiple meaning to it. This way of thinking gives us opportunity of rethinking about the design and its representation. Digitality can...

Arrangement and composition of park ensembles of medieval China remains rather difficult to study, since there is no park of that time preserved in its original form. In particular, this applies to public parks, since the historical descriptions mainly relate to the famous imperial or private parks of the Song Dynasty. In addition, these descriptions are generally not provided with plans or any other images. However the historical chronicle "Jinding Jiankangzhi", describing the city of Nanjing of the Southern Song...

Examples of therapeutic space can be traced back hundreds of years ago. In ancient times, sacred groves, hills or caves with healing springs were used for therapeutic functions, while the medieval monastery gardens served as a kind of pharmaceutical facilities, which constituted a kind of therapeutic contemplative gardens. In the 19th century, there was a dynamic development of spa towns, whose specificity influenced the formation of characteristic elements of a public space (such as spa parks, concert shells and ...

The aim of the article is to identify the potential impact of the latest commercial digital tools for building energy analysis on the everyday architectural practice in Poland in the context of typology and energy optimization of single-family houses. The reason for this survey is that the "architect friendly" interfaces, simulation results’ visualization and energy analysis tools are not given deserved attention in the architectural education in Poland thus some of the design opportunities for sustainability are ...

The way seaside resorts have functioned from the very beginning of their founding idea has been the result of symbiosis – a close connection between the town and nature. West Pomeranian seaside tourist resorts have developed into today's resorts from former fishing villages or small summer resorts. Before the post-war political division of the historical Province of Pomerania, its resorts formed a uniform set of spatial assumptions, characterized by similar features and originating from common cultural roots. Esse...

Background The publication presents the results of an analysis of the technological and material construction solutions of insular Venice, in addition to their destruction and securing methods. Corrosion is a natural process of the environment’s influence on materials, which produces chemical or physicochemical reactions causing damage to a given structure. The first materials to undergo destruction are those that are most susceptible to corrosion. The rate of the infliction of corrosive damage to multi-element st...