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In the 1970s negative demographic and economic trends became a burden for fiscal systems of the “Golden age” welfare states. The neoliberal theory responded by cutting social rights, diminishing the scope of services provided by the state and strengthening the market. Values of uniformity and solidarity were replaced with efficiency and profit. Consequently, the sustainability of “pay-as-you-go” pension systems came into question. The measures towards capitalization and privatization differed. This arises both fro...

In modern times, paying taxes is deemed an indisputable fact. However, the development of the fiscal state has not abolished disputes over taxation nature and its fairness. While it is generally agreed that taxes should be paid, there is still an issue regarding how high tax rates should be. The key issue is to determine the critical shifting point for taxation targets: from settling public expenditures to confiscation of an individual’s property and, potentially, the punitive role of tax. The problem should be ad...