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n Italy we are witnessing a positive development in the protection of animals that involves more than just criminal law. It has just been announced (at the end of June) that the Senate of the Republic has expressed itself in favour of amending and supplementing the text of an article in the Constitution - a fundamental rule of Italian law - which would recognise the protection of animals Furthermore, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union protects animals as «sentient beings» and this is a fundamental...

Regulation (EU) No. 2016/679 (hereinafter the GDPR) has profoundly innovated the subject of personal data protection. Recital 149 of the Regulation states that «Member States should be able to lay down the rules on criminal penalties» for infringements of this Regulation, including for infringements of «national rules adopted pursuant to and within the limits» of this Regulation. This provision must be read in conjunction with Article 84.1, which declares that Member States shall lay down the «rules on other penal...