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Although this paper acknowledges within its theoretical framework seminal ideas put forward by Dominick LaCapra and Cathy Caruth, refashioning Freud’s descriptions of ways of experiencing and coping with trauma, it moves in a different direction. It explores the intertextual pattern used to create unexpected, ‘artificial’ responses to trauma. The most common labels used to refer to such texts as Foer’s 2005 novel are ‘9/11 Literature’ and ‘The Literature of Terror,’ with strong reliance on trauma theory. If in a t...

The present paper analyses archaeological and anthropological materials of the Middle Bronze Catacomb culture found in kurgan cemeteries of the Lower Volga area. The specific features of the burial rite, artifacts and cranial pathologies are related to possible migrations of members of some Catacomb cultures from the territories of the North Caucasus, Caucasus and North Pontic area into the open steppes of the the Lower Volga region. Along with innovations in such areas as bronze metallurgy, ceramic production, tr...

The period of the late 2nd – beginning 1st millennium BC in the Eurasian steppes and in the Lower Volga region was marked by the emergence of cattle breeding which was a new form of nomadic economic order. Some historians associate the transition to semi-nomadic and nomadic economy with climatic changes in the form of increasing processes of aridization and technological prerequisites. In the early Iron Age, along with environmental and economic changes, numerous cultural and ethnic transformations took place. The...