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Although the historical changes in children's perceptions of the landscape have not been studied in depth, according to the different authors, this topic is of great importance for understanding children's perceptions of the environment and the factors influencing these perceptions, as well as for understanding which urban environments are best suited to meet children's needs. This study aims to determine the changes in children's ability to perceive and explore landscapes in a historical context. The main finding...

The Roman Catholic Church had a special influence. During the economic and cultural upswing, an abbey built in Cluny became a sample in the church building during the 9th–11th century. Various trends in the cathedral building existed in different regions of Western Europe. On the Baltic Sea coast, the Pope of Rome and the Holy Roman Emperor started to spread the Catholic faith by the mid-12th century. In cities, cathedrals took the leading position and replaced monastery churches in the 13th century. The commerc...

Circular design is gaining increasing recognition as an integral approach to address the environmental challenges posed by the linear "take-make-dispose" model. However, the effective implementation of circular design requires a comprehensive understanding of its complex dynamics and interactions within a broader systems context. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for circular design underpinned by systemic design principles. This framework aims to guide designers and stakeholders in creating holistic and ...

This study highlights the importance of criticism in the practice and education of interior design. Unlike other disciplines related to the visual arts, the fact that the discipline of interior architecture has not developed a separate and distinct intellectual whole with its own rules has affected the place of criticism in both the profession and education. Therefore, in order to be a step towards the elimination of these deficiencies, different approaches that could be a source for the development of interior ar...