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SMART CITIES - THE FUTURE OF URBAN PLANNING
Abstract
The city itself is a multifunctional and complex object that can be represented as a demographic, ecological, transport, administrative-territorial and industrial production system. Unlike a conventional city, the smart city actually means a "digital" city - a concept that has so far no unambiguous definition. Experts' opinions, however, unite in the fact that a smart city should not be perceived in the narrow sense as a city packed with technology. The technologies in this case are rather a means of achieving a common goal, namely the creation of a comfortable urban environment. Conventional city is built of 5 basic subsystems. The first is urban and includes industry, transport, science and construction. The second one is a city-serving business, to which the sectors of intangible production refer, ie. commerce, culture, utilities, the education system, healthcare and others. The third is socio-demographic. It is related to the professional qualification of the population. The fourth subsystem is the management system. It includes governance structures and public organizations that are located in cities. The fifth sub-system is the spatial one, which includes the natural resources, housing, production, commercial, sanitary and other functional areas of the city. Developing a city strategy is both the hardest and most essential step to becoming a smarter, differentiated and attractive city. Cities will need to accurately measure current conditions, and model the future. Sensors and technological controls embedded within new and retrofitted urban designs could monitor existing conditions and provide real-time feedback in case modifications are needed. According to urban planning goals, smart cities can be defined as "cities of knowledge", "digital cities", "cyber-gardens" or "eco-cities" according to urban planning objectives. Smart cities in economic and social terms are looking to the future. They are constantly monitoring the most important infrastructure - road roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, subways, airports, seaports, communication systems, water supply, power supply, even major buildings - to optimize resource allocation and guarantee safety.
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