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INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH OF SPHERICAL CONES FROM VOLGA BULGARIA
Abstract
A lot of spherical cones were found at excavations in Bilyar and Bulgar - capitals of the Volga Bulgaria of 10-14th centuries. The interdisciplinary research of spherical coneswas carried out on 13 fragments from Bilyar and Bulgar settlements. Subjects were analyzed by the following methods: X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and petrographic (OMPA), differential thermal-magnetic (DTMA), emission spectral analysis (ESA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). XRD and OMPA demonstrated the similarity of manufacturing technology of spherical cones. Ceramic fragments consist of 75-80% of amorphous substance. This demonstrates that the jars were exposed to a high temperature burning. The mineral inclusions are detrital materials consisting of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite etc. Several samples were obtained at the lower temperatures. DTMA showed the difference in the forms of iron components of the ceramics. Part of ceramic fragments contains the native iron; finely divided hematite is present in another part of fragments. The chemical composition was determined by the ESA. Analysis showed that the Bulgarian spherical cones were made of local clay. Differential thermal analysis showed different behavior of loss curves of CO2 and H2O for different fragments. This may indicate a different formulation of the ceramic dough.
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