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RUSSIAN WOMEN IN THE SECOND HALF OF LIFE
Abstract
The main goal of the study was to identify changes, peculiarities and problems in the life of Russian women in their third and fourth age (50-70 years old and 70+ years old correspondingly), the research subjects included problems of employment, health, psychological self-assessment of the current life, self-identification. The study presents the analysis of the part of the data collected during the all-Russian representative survey "Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population" by the Higher School of Economics and ZAO "Demoscope" with the participation of the Population Center of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology at Russian Academy of Sciences. Two-step selection of observations in the three waves used selection criteria including sex and age. In 2015, 3,146 people were interviewed, in 2011 - 3,844, and in 2009 - 2305. The results show that the main changes in the life of Russian women occur after 60 years. At this time, they are intensely losing their spouse, retire, which negatively affects their lifestyle, health, self-esteem and ways of self-realization. The most active age of the Russian women of the second half of the life is the 50-60 years: at this time they combine employment with intense domestic and family activities, while feeling more healthy and happy. Gender disparity in professional activity and early outcome from it, concentration on adaptation to the generally accepted perception of the lifestyle in an old age, passivity in material support (state pensions as main financial source), traditional marriages and early spouse loss contribute to the development of numerous problems for Russian women in old. The solution of these problems is possible due to the equalization of the retirement age, prevention of gender-related professional crises and discriminatory practices in the labor market, liberalization of family legislation and the construction of renewed social roles for women in Russian society.
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