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A COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND USE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
Abstract
The conditions for the formation and effective use of human capital are the leading factors in innovative development, the determination of a countrys competitiveness, and the social and economic well-being of citizens. In the context of globalization, there is a growing role for the study and adaptation of the social and educational policy tools used by countries that are leaders in the knowledge economy. The data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies have made it possible to expand the traditional information base for measuring human capital. The employment of competency data about the population, including different age groups and characteristics of human capital use, has made it possible to solve a specific set of problems: identifying groups of countries that differ in their indicators of the qualitative component of human capital; assessing the changes in human capital indicators between age groups and identifying typological groups of countries with similar indicator dynamics; identifying the heterogeneity of the processes of the formation and use of human capital; evaluating the effectiveness of human capital use based on a balance analysis between the qualification levels of employees and the levels determined by their job requirements. The solutions to these problems were based on the calculation of descriptive statistics and dynamics characteristics and the use of exploratory data analysis, correlation analysis, principal components analysis, and procedures for constructing typological groupings. The differences between countries identified in the study result from the established institutional mechanisms for the formation and use of human capital, cultural traditions, and the impact of targeted educational policies. It is of great practical value for Russia, which is in the process of reforming its education system, to study the quality and effective use of human capital and to identify the best practices of the countries that are leaders in the knowledge economy.
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