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In Hungary, after World War II, a democratic political system was tried to be built. This change meant in the field of culture and education, the society was given the opportunity to self-organisation and self-activity. That was the era of Free-Culture. Earlier, between the two world wars, in the era of the adult education and general education was controlled centrally. Cultural programs were primarily organised by state organs and functionaries. After 1945, however, society took it over. Even in the smallest vill...

Starting from the middle of the 19th century, several reading circles were established in the wide countryside, villages, and areas covered with farms. These were autonomous organisations established by the inhabitants, covering the local society of a smaller zone, town district or border section. By the end of the 1930-ies, approx. 1800 such associations operated in Hungary, with approx. 150,000 members. Also including the members' families and relatives, altogether 700,000-800,000 people were related to these as...