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n Italy we are witnessing a positive development in the protection of animals that involves more than just criminal law. It has just been announced (at the end of June) that the Senate of the Republic has expressed itself in favour of amending and supplementing the text of an article in the Constitution - a fundamental rule of Italian law - which would recognise the protection of animals Furthermore, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union protects animals as «sentient beings» and this is a fundamental...

Regulation (EU) No. 2016/679 (hereinafter the GDPR) has profoundly innovated the subject of personal data protection. Recital 149 of the Regulation states that «Member States should be able to lay down the rules on criminal penalties» for infringements of this Regulation, including for infringements of «national rules adopted pursuant to and within the limits» of this Regulation. This provision must be read in conjunction with Article 84.1, which declares that Member States shall lay down the «rules on other penal...

in 2015, the irregular migratory flow marked a beginning of a new era in the history of the European migration. In many European countries, including in Hungary, the public opinion related to this phenomenon has forced the legislators to take the necessary measures against it. In Hungary, among others, the criminal law was also in focus. The first step was the construction of the physical border fence, and as a second stage, the Hungarian Parliament adopted a legal framework on its protection. In accordance with t...

With a view to modernising state management in the last decade, Lithuania has focused mainly on observing the experience of how foreign countries have handled state management and the development of the self-government system. Lithuania did not gain exper

The subject of the research is legal relationships arising due to the testator’s right of establishing heir’s non-property obligations in the inheritance contract. Current issues of interpretation and implementation of legal provisions on the inheritance

The concept of patient’s rights itself was fairly known before the last four or five decades, and medical malpractice of all kinds made the aggrieved party to seek redress at a court; but no special legislation, apart from rare exceptions, has ever existed to anchor the patient’s rights before the late 20th century. In the civil law tradition of the 20th century, especially its earlier decades, doctors could be held criminally or civilly liable for a wide variety of malpractice, including unauthorized medical inte...

The process of organization and functionality of one of the most important attributes of any modern democratic legal state, i.e. the state power, is based on certain principles. The principle of separation of powers is universally acknowledged as such a fundamental principle, thus it is generally established in the constitutions of democratic states. Upon restoration of Independence1 the state power in the Republic of Lithuania is also implemented based on the doctrine of separation of powers. Particularly increas...